Table 1 in Is Toxoplasma gondii a threat to the conservation of free-ranging Australian marsupial populations?

Table 1 Toxoplasma gondii infection surveys undertaken in free-ranging populations of Australian marsupial species. Except where noted, no prior clinical suspicion of toxoplasmosis existed in sampled animals.
SpeciesStudy location (study)SamplingDiagnostic test aNo.95% CI btimeframeinfected/no. tested(%)Eastern grey kangarooRoma, Queensland (Smith andNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected0/4 (0%)0(Macropus giganteus)Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 52.2%Eastern grey kangarooBlackall, Queensland (Smith andNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected0/3 (0%)0Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 60.2%Western grey kangarooMenzies, Western Australia (Pan2008PCR (heart, liver, lung, spleen, diaphragm)5/5 (100%)54.1(M. fuliginosus)et al., 2012)‾ 99.6%Western greyPerth, Western AustraliaNotPCR (brain and tongue)9/12 (75%)46.2kangaroo-adults(Parameswaran et al., 2010)specified‾ 90.9%Western greyPerth, Western AustraliaNotPCR (brain, heart, skeletal muscle, liver, lung, small intestine, kidney and2/173.6kangaroo-pouch(Parameswaran et al., 2010)specifiedspleen)(11.8%)‾ 34.7%youngCommon wallarooBlackall, Queensland (Smith andNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected0/5 (0%)0(M. robustus)Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 45.9%Common wallarooKynuna, Queensland (Smith andNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected0/3 (0%)0Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 60.2%Common wallarooMenzies, Western Australia (Pan2008PCR (heart, liver, lung, spleen, diaphragm)5/5 (100%)54.1et al., 2012)‾ 99.6%Red kangaroo (M. rufus)Blackall, Queensland (Smith andNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected0/5 (0%)0Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 45.9%Red kangarooLongreach, Queensland (SmithNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected0/6 (0%)0and Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 41.0%Red kangarooMenzies, Western Australia (Pan2008PCR (heart, liver, lung, spleen, diaphragm)6/6 (100%)59.0et al., 2012)‾ 99.6%Woylie c (BettongiaManjimup, Western AustraliaNotPCR (brain and heart)2/4 (50%)14.7penicillata)(Parameswaran et al., 2010)specified‾ 85.3%Long-nosed potorooWinkleigh, Tasmania (Smith andNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected0/1 (0%)0(Potorous tridactylus)Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 84.2%Quokka (SetonixRottnest Island, WesternNov 1961Histopathology (left lateral femoral muscle biopsy)4/92 (4.3%)1.8brachyurus)Australia (Gibb et al., 1966)‾ 10.6%Nov 196314/2047.8(70%)‾ 85.4%Jan 19641/20 (5%)1.2‾ 23.8%Feb 19646/1816.3(33.3%)‾ 56.6%Quokka dRottnest Island, WesternNov 1963Mouse bioassay (suspension of host skeletal muscle, +/— liver, brain and2/28 (7.1%)2.2Australia (Gibb et al., 1966)‾ Feb 1964heart, injected IP and combined IP & IC; impression‾ 22.8%smears ± histopathological examination of mice)13-day old chick embryo inoculation (suspension of host skeletal muscle,cardiac muscle and brain)Brushtail possumBrisbane, Queensland (Cook andNotMouse bioassay (host brain suspension inoculated IC or host liver spleen,2/7 (28.6%)8.5(TrichosurusPope, 1959)specifiedkidney and lung suspension inoculated IP; if mouse necropsy was suggestive‾ 65.1%vulpecula)of T. gondii infection, contact smear of brain performed)Brushtail possumDalby, Queensland (Smith andNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain or pooled organs, injected SC;0/3 (0%)0Munday, 1965)specifiedmouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 60.2%Brushtail possumCressy, Tasmania (Smith andNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain or pooled organs, injected SC;0/9 (0%)0Munday, 1965)specifiedmouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 30.8%Western RingtailWestern AustraliaNotPCR (heart of one possum, skeletal muscle of another)0/2 (0%)possum(Parameswaran, 2008)specified(Pseudocheirus occidentalis) eBrush-tailedBurleigh, Queensland (Cook andNotMouse bioassay (host brain suspension inoculated IC or host liver spleen,1/1 (100%)15.8phascogalePope, 1959)specifiedkidney and lung suspension inoculated IP; if mouse necropsy was suggestive‾ 98.7%(Phascogaleof T. gondii infection, contact smear of brain performed)tapoatafa)Eastern pygmy possumWilmot, Tasmania (Smith andNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected0/1 (0%)0(Cercartetus nanus)Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 84.2%Southern brownBrisbane & Innisfail, QueenslandNotMouse bioassay (host brain suspension inoculated IC or host liver spleen,5/10 (50%)23.4bandicoot (Isoodon(Cook and Pope, 1959)specifiedkidney and lung suspension inoculated IP; if mouse necropsy was suggestive‾ 76.6%obesulus)of T. gondii infection, contact smear of brain performed)Southern brownBrisbane, Queensland (PopeAugust 1955Mouse bioassay (host brain suspension inoculated IC or host liver spleen,16/3827.8bandicootet al., 1957a)‾ Februarykidney and lung suspension inoculated IP; if mouse necropsy was suggestive(42.1%)‾ 57.9%1956of T. gondii infection, contact smear of brain performed)Southern brownMt Glorius, Queensland (PopeAugust 1955Mouse bioassay (host brain suspension inoculated IC or host liver spleen,0/2 (0%)0bandicootet al., 1957a)‾ Februarykidney and lung suspension inoculated IP; if mouse necropsy was suggestive‾ 70.8%1956of T. gondii infection, contact smear of brain performed)Southern brownNorth Queensland (Pope et al.,August 1955Mouse bioassay (host brain suspension inoculated IC or host liver spleen,1/3 (33.3%)6.8bandicoot1957a)‾ Februarykidney and lung suspension inoculated IP; if mouse necropsy was suggestive‾ 80.6%1956of T. gondii infection, contact smear of brain performed)timeframeinfected/no. tested(%)Southern brownBrisbane, Queensland (Pope1951Histopathology (brain, lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, retroperitoneal lymph1/1 (100%)15.8bandicootet al., 1957b)node);‾ 98.7%Mouse and guinea pig bioassays (suspension of host liver, spleen and braininjected IP and IC; histopathological examination of mouse brain, heart,lungs, spleen, skeletal muscle, kidneys, pancreas, blood)Long-nosed bandicootMt Glorius, Queensland (PopeAugust 1955 Mouse bioassay (host brain suspension inoculated IC or host liver spleen,1/2 (50%)9.4(Perameles nasuta)et al., 1957a)‾ Februarykidney and lung suspension inoculated IP; if mouse necropsy was suggestive‾ 90.6%1956of T. gondii infection, contact smear of brain performed)Long-nosed bandicootNorthern Queensland (PopeAugust 1955 Mouse bioassay (host brain suspension inoculated IC or host liver spleen,2/4 (50%)14.7et al., 1957a)‾ Februarykidney and lung suspension inoculated IP; if mouse necropsy was suggestive‾ 85.3%1956of T. gondii infection, contact smear of brain performed)Eastern barredLongford, Tasmania (Smith andNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected 0/1 (0%)0bandicoot (P. gunnii) Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 84.2%Eastern barredTasmania (Obendorf et al., 1996) July 1992Histopathology (brain, heart, lung and skeletal muscle) with serology7/8 (87.5%) 51.8bandicoot f‾ March‾ 97.2%1995Greater bilby (Macrotis Birdsville, Queensland (CookNotMouse bioassay (host brain suspension inoculated IC or host liver spleen,0/1 (0%)0lagotis)and Pope, 1959)specifiedkidney and lung suspension inoculated IP; if mouse necropsy was suggestive‾ 84.2%of T. gondii infection, contact smear of brain performed)Tasmanian devilGladstone, Tasmania (Smith and NotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected 0/3 (0%)0(Sarcophilus harrisii)Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 60.2%Eastern quoll (Dasyurus Gladstone, Tasmania (Smith and NotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected 0/7 (0%)0viverrinus)Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 36.9%Spotted-tailed quollWilmot, Tasmania (Smith andNotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected 0/1 (0%)0(D. maculatus)Munday, 1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 84.2%Northern quoll gKakadu National Park, Northern 1993 ‾ 1995Histopathology (brain, heart, lungs, diaphragm, “gut”, liver, tongue, hindleg 0/28 (0%)0(D. hallucatus)Territory (Oakwood andmuscle)‾ 11.9%Pritchard, 1999)Kowari (DasyuroidesQueensland (Attwood et al.,NotHistopathology (brain, spinal cord, heart, lung, kidney, adrenal gland,4/179.7byrnie)1975)specifiedstomach, “gut”, spleen, pancreas, parapancreatic node)(23.5%)‾ 47.6%Dusky AntechinusTasmania (Smith and Munday,NotMouse bioassay (suspension of host brain, +/— liver, lung & spleen, injected 0/1 (0%)0(Antechinus1965)specifiedSC; mouse brain emulsified and examined for T. gondii cysts)‾ 84.2%swainsonii)Brown AntechinusNot specified (Attwood et al.,NotHistopathology (brain, spinal cord, heart, lung, kidney, adrenal gland,0/3 (0%)0(A. stuartii)1975)specifiedstomach, “gut”, spleen, pancreas, parapancreatic node)‾ 60.2%White-footed dunnartNot specified (Attwood et al.,NotHistopathology (brain, spinal cord, heart, lung, kidney, adrenal gland,0/7 (0%)0(Sminthopsis1975)specifiedstomach, “gut”, spleen, pancreas, parapancreatic node)‾ 36.9%leucopus)
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Table 1 (continued)
a Regarding mouse bioassays-SC = subcutaneous inoculation, IP = intraperitoneal inoculation, IC = intracerebral inoculation.
b Calculated by review author using Jeffrey's 95% confidence interval.
c One (infected) woylie exhibited neurological symptoms prior to death.
d Survey undertaken in wild quokka with serological or histological evidence of T. gondii infection.
e Wild possums found with neurological symptoms.
f One bandicoot obtained via trap death-previously identified as seropositive for T. gondii; origin of the other bandicoots unclear. g Study subjects obtained via roadkill.