Labor Force Survey, LFS 2016 - Egypt

Abstract
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<p style="border:solid thin black;"> THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS) </p>

In any society, the human element represents the basis of the work force which exercises all the service and production activities. Therefore, it is a mandate to produce labor force statistics and studies, that is related to the growth and distribution of manpower and labor force distribution by different types and characteristics.

In this context, the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics conducts "Quarterly Labor Force Survey" which includes data on the size of manpower and labor force (employed and unemployed) and their geographical distribution by their characteristics.

By the end of each year, CAPMAS issues the annual aggregated labor force bulletin publication that includes the results of the quarterly survey rounds that represent the manpower and labor force characteristics during the year.

---> Historical Review of the Labor Force Survey:

1- The First Labor Force survey was undertaken in 1957. The first round was conducted in November of that year, the survey continued to be conducted in successive rounds (quarterly, bi-annually, or annually) till now.

2- Starting the October 2006 round, the fieldwork of the labor force survey was developed to focus on the following two points:
a. The importance of using the panel sample that is part of the survey sample, to monitor the dynamic changes of the labor market.
b. Improving the used questionnaire to include more questions, that help in better defining of relationship to labor force of each household member (employed, unemployed, out of labor force ...etc.). In addition to re-order of some of the already existing questions in much logical way.

3- Starting the January 2008 round, the used methodology was developed to collect more representative sample during the survey year. this is done through distributing the sample of each governorate into five groups, the questionnaires are collected from each of them separately every 15 days for 3 months (in the middle and the end of the month)

4- Starting the January 2012 round, in order to follow the international recommendation, to avoid asking extra questions that affect the precision and accuracy of the collected data, a shortened version of the questionnaire was designed to include the core questions that enable obtaining the basic Egyptian labor market indicators. The shortened version is collected in two rounds (January-March), (April-June), and (October-December) while the long version of the questionnaire is collected in the 3rd round (July-September) that includes more information on housing conditions and immigration.

---> The survey aims at covering the following topics:

1- Measuring the size of the Egyptian labor force among civilians (for all governorates of the republic) by their different characteristics.
2- Measuring the employment rate at national level and different geographical areas.
3- Measuring the distribution of employed people by the following characteristics: Gender, age, educational status, occupation, economic activity, and sector.
4- Measuring unemployment rate at different geographic areas.
5- Measuring the distribution of unemployed people by the following characteristics: Gender, age, educational status, unemployment type “ever employed/never employed”, occupation, economic activity, and sector for people who have ever worked.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing labor force surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage
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Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit
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1- Household/family.
2- Individual/person.

Universe
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The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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<p style="border:solid thin black;"> THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS) </p>

---> Sample Design and Selection

The sample of the LFS 2016 survey is a self-weighted two-stage stratified cluster sample.
The main elements of the sampling design are described as follows:

* Sample Size
The sample size in each quarter is 22,896 households with a total number of 91,584 households annually. These households are distributed on the governorate level (urban/rural), according to the estimated number of households in each governorate in accordance with the percentage of urban and rural population in each governorate.

* Cluster size
The cluster size is 18 households.

* Sampling stages:

(1) Primary Sampling Unit (PSU):
The 2006 Population Census provided sufficient data at the level of the Enumeration Area (EA). Hence, the electronic list of EA's represented the frame of the first stage sample; in which the corresponding number of households per EA was taken as a measure of size.
The size of an EA is almost 200 households on average, with some variability expected. The size of first stage national sample was estimated to be 5,024 EA.

(2) Sample Distribution by Governorate:
The primary stratifying variable is the governorate of residence, which in turn is divided into urban and rural sub-strata, whenever applicable.

(3) First Stage Sample frame:
The census lists of EAs for each substratum, associated with the corresponding number of households, constitute the frame of the first stage sample.
The identification information appears on the EA's list includes the District code, Shiakha/Village code, Census Supervisor number, and Enumerator number.
Prior to the selection of the first stage sample, the frame was arranged to provide implicit stratification with regard to the geographic location.
The urban frame of each governorate was ordered in a serpentine fashion according to the geographic location of kism/ district capitals. The same sort of ordering was made on the rural frame, but according to the district location. The systematic selection of EA's sample from such a sorted frame will ensure a balanced spread of the sample over the area of respective governorates.
The sample was selected with Probability Proportional to Size (PPS), with the number of census households taken as a Measure of Size (MOS).

(4) Core Sample allocation
The core sample EAs (5,024) were divided among the survey 4 rounds, each round included 1,272 EAs (588 in urban areas and 684 in rural areas).

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document available among external resources in Arabic.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire design follows the latest International Labor Organization (ILO) concepts and definitions of labor force, employment, and unemployment.

The questionnaire comprises 4 tables in addition to the identification and geographic data of household on the cover page.

---> Table 1- The housing conditions of the households

This table includes information on the housing conditions of the household:
- Type of the dwelling,
- Tenure of the dwelling (owned/rent) ,
- Availability of facilities and services connected to the house
- Ownership of durables.

---> Table 2- Demographic and employment characteristics and basic data for all household individuals

Including: gender, age, educational status, marital status, residence mobility and current work status

---> Table 3- Employment characteristics table

This table is filled by employed individuals at the time of the survey or those who were engaged to work during the reference week, and provided information on:
- Relationship to employer: employer, self-employed, waged worker, and unpaid family worker
- Economic activity
- Sector
- Occupation
- Effective working hours
- Health and social insurance
- Work place
- Contract type
- Average monthly wage

---> Table 4- Unemployment characteristics table

This table is filled by all unemployed individuals who satisfied the unemployment criteria, and provided information on:
- Type of unemployment (unemployed, unemployed ever worked)
- Economic activity and occupation in the last held job before being unemployed
- Last unemployment duration in months
- Main reason for unemployment

Cleaning operations
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---> Raw Data

Office editing is one of the main stages of the survey. It started once the questionnaires were received from the field and accomplished by the selected work groups. It includes:
a-Editing of coverage and completeness
b-Editing of consistency

---> Harmonized Data

- The SPSS package is used to clean and harmonize the datasets.
- The harmonization process starts with a cleaning process for all raw data files received from the Statistical Agency.
- All cleaned data files are then merged to produce one data file on the individual level containing all variables subject to harmonization.
- A country-specific program is generated for each dataset to generate/ compute/ recode/ rename/ format/ label harmonized variables.
- A post-harmonization cleaning process is then conducted on the data.
- Harmonized data is saved on the household as well as the individual level, in SPSS and then converted to STATA, to be disseminated.

Response rate
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On the national level (91.7 %)
Urban level (84.6%)
Rural level (97.7%)

Response rates on the governorate level are presented in the methodology document attached to the documentation materials published in Arabic.

摘要
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本由经济研究论坛制作并发布的经过清洗和协调的问卷调查数据，完整地反映了中央公共动员和统计局（CAPMAS）收集的原始调查数据的100%。在任何社会中，人类要素构成了劳动力的基础，它执行着所有的服务和生产活动。因此，生产与劳动力增长及其按不同类型和特征分布相关的劳动力统计数据和研究，是一项法定任务。
在当前背景下，中央公共动员和统计局开展了“季度劳动力调查”，该调查包括关于人力和劳动力（就业和失业）规模及其按特征的地域分布的数据。
每年年底，CAPMAS发布年度劳动力综合公报，其中包含全年季度调查轮次的结果，这些结果代表了全年的人力和劳动力特征。
---> 劳动力调查的历史回顾：
1- 第一次劳动力调查始于1957年。首次调查于当年11月进行，调查至今已连续进行（季度、半年或年度）。
2- 自2006年10月轮次开始，劳动力调查的实地工作重点发展如下：
a. 使用调查样本中的一部分作为面板样本的重要性，以监测劳动力市场的动态变化。
b. 改进问卷，包含更多问题，有助于更好地定义每个家庭成员与劳动力之间的关系（就业、失业、非劳动力等）。此外，以更合逻辑的方式重新排列一些现有问题。
3- 自2008年1月轮次开始，所采用的方法得到发展，以便在调查年度收集更具代表性的样本。这是通过将每个省份的样本分配到五个组，每15天（月中和月底）分别从每个组中收集问卷，持续3个月（年中和年底）来实现的。
4- 自2012年1月轮次开始，为了遵循国际建议，避免提出额外的问题，这些问题可能影响收集数据的精度和准确性，设计了问卷的简短版本，以包括能够获取基本埃及劳动力市场指标的核心问题。简短版本在两个轮次中收集（1月-3月，（4月-6月），（10月-12月），而长版本问卷在第三轮（7月-9月）收集，其中包含更多关于住房条件和移民的信息。
---> 调查旨在涵盖以下主题：
1- 测量埃及民间劳动力（共和国所有省份）的规模，按其不同的特征划分。
2- 测量全国及不同地理区域的就业率。
3- 测量就业人员的以下特征分布：性别、年龄、教育状况、职业、经济活动和部门。
4- 测量不同地理区域的失业率。
5- 测量失业人员的以下特征分布：性别、年龄、教育状况、失业类型“曾经就业/从未就业”、职业、经济活动和部门，针对那些曾经工作过的人。
统计机构提供的原始调查数据由经济研究论坛在2009年开始的一个主要项目中进行了清洗和协调。在此期间，付出了巨大的努力来获取、清洗、协调、保存和传播几个阿拉伯国家现有劳动力调查的微观数据。
地理覆盖范围
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涵盖所有省份的城市和农村地区的样本。
分析单位
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1- 家庭/家庭。
2- 个人/人。
总体
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调查涵盖全国范围内的家庭样本和所有永久居住在调查家庭中的个人。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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本由经济研究论坛制作并发布的经过清洗和协调的问卷调查数据，完整地反映了中央公共动员和统计局（CAPMAS）收集的原始调查数据的100%。
---> 样本设计和选择
2016年劳动力调查的样本是一个自加权两阶段分层聚类样本。样本设计的主要要素如下所述：
* 样本量
每个季度的样本量为22,896户，全年共计91,584户。这些家庭按省份级别（城市/农村）分布，根据每个省份估计的家庭数量，并根据每个省份的城市和农村人口百分比进行分配。
* 聚类规模
聚类规模为18户。
* 抽样阶段：
(1) 初级抽样单位 (PSU):
2006年人口普查在枚举区（EA）级别提供了足够的数据。因此，EA的电子名单代表了第一阶段样本的框架；其中，每个EA的相应家庭数量被用作规模的衡量标准。
EA的平均规模约为200户，存在一些可预期的变化。第一阶段国家样本的规模估计为5,024个EA。
(2) 省份层面的样本分布：
主要分层变量是居住省份，它反过来又分为城市和农村子层，如果适用的话。
(3) 第一阶段样本框架：
每个子层的普查EA名单，以及相应的家庭数量，构成了第一阶段样本的框架。
EA的识别信息出现在名单上，包括地区代码、市/村庄代码、普查监督员编号和计数员编号。
在第一阶段样本的选择之前，框架被安排以提供关于地理位置的隐含分层。
每个省份的城市框架按蛇形方式根据地区首府的地理位置进行排序。同样的排序也用于农村框架，但根据地区的位置。
从这样一个排序的框架中系统地选择EA样本，将确保样本在各自省份的地区内均衡分布。
样本以概率比例大小（PPS）的方式选择，以普查家庭数量作为大小衡量标准（MOS）。
(4) 核心样本分配
核心样本EA（5,024）分配到调查的4个轮次中，每个轮次包括1,272个EA（城市地区588个，农村地区684个）。
更详细的关于不同抽样阶段和样本在省份间分配的描述，可在阿拉伯语的外部资源中的方法学文档中找到。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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问卷设计遵循国际劳工组织（ILO）关于劳动力、就业和失业的最新概念和定义。
问卷包括4个表格，以及封面页上的家庭识别和地理数据。
---> 表格1- 住房条件
本表格包括关于家庭住房条件的信息：
- 住宅类型，
- 住宅租赁（自有/租赁），
- 与房屋相连的设施和服务可用性
- 持久性商品的拥有权。
---> 表格2- 人口和就业特征及所有家庭成员的基本数据
包括：性别、年龄、教育状况、婚姻状况、居住流动性和当前工作状况。
---> 表格3- 就业特征表
本表格由在调查时或参考周内从事工作的就业人员填写，或由那些在参考周内承诺工作的人填写，并提供了以下信息：
- 与雇主的关系：雇主、自营职业者、有薪工人和无偿家庭工人
- 经济活动
- 部门
- 职业
- 有效工作时间
- 健康和社会保险
- 工作场所
- 合同类型
- 平均月工资
---> 表格4- 失业特征表
本表格由所有满足失业标准的失业人员填写，并提供了以下信息：
- 失业类型（失业、曾经就业的失业者）
- 最后一份工作前的经济活动和职业
- 最后一次失业的持续时间（月数）
- 失业的主要原因
清洗操作
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---> 原始数据
办公室编辑是调查的主要阶段之一。它在收到来自现场的问卷并完成选定的工作组后开始。它包括：
a- 覆盖范围和完整性的编辑
b- 一致性的编辑
---> 协调数据
- 使用SPSS软件包对数据集进行清洗和协调。
- 协调过程从对来自统计机构的所有原始数据文件进行清洗开始。
- 所有清洗后的数据文件随后合并，生成一个包含所有需要协调变量的个人层面的单一数据文件。
- 为每个数据集生成一个针对特定国家的程序，以生成/计算/重新编码/重命名/格式化/标记协调变量。
- 然后在数据上进行后协调清洗。
- 协调数据以家庭和个人层面保存，在SPSS中，然后转换为STATA，以便传播。
响应率
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全国层面（91.7%）
城市层面（84.6%）
农村层面（97.7%）
省份层面的响应率在阿拉伯语出版的文档材料中附带的方法学文档中呈现。