Validation of the mental health continuum-short form: The bifactor model of emotional, social, and psychological well-being

The current study employed a cross-sectional and correlational research design. An individual was eligible for the study if he/she was above the 18 years old and a citizen or permanent resident (PR) of Singapore or Australia. Participants were either recruited via convenience sampling through the James Cook University’s (Singapore and Australia campuses) research participation program, to which upon completion, received 1 research credit point, or have encountered the study through snowball techniques, primarily distributed via social networks. A total of 588 participants were recruited, but 31 records were omitted due to missing data. Of which, 410 participants were recruited via the university’s research participation program and 147 participants via the snowball technique. The data was then separated into two groups: the Singapore sample, consisting of 299 Singaporeans or PRs; and the Australia sample, consisting of 258 Australians or PRs. <br>Analyses were conducted for each sample separately. Pearson’s correlations coefficients were conducted using the SPSS version 21, confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted using the AMOS version 21, and the ECV and MacDonald’s 𝜔 indices were calculated using the Bifactor Indices Calculator by Dueber. All statistical analyses were conducted with alpha level set at .05. <br>