Data_Sheet_1_Antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic properties of Chimonanthus salicifolius S. Y. Hu leaves in experimental animals: modulation of thioredoxin and glutathione systems, renal water reabsorption, and gut microbiota.doc

IntroductionExcessive calorie intake and physical inactivity have dramatically increased nutrient overload-associated disease, becoming a global public health issue. Chimonanthus salicifolius S. Y. Hu (CHI) is a homology plant of food and medicine in China and shows several health benefits.MethodsThis work investigated the antioxidant activity, the alleviating effects, and the mechanism of action on diabetes and hyperlipidemia of CHI leaves.Results and discussionResults showed that CHI leaves infusion displayed in vitro antioxidant activity measured by ABTS and ferric reducing antioxidant power methods. In wild-type Kunming mice, CHI leaves infusion consumption activated the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase as well as thioredoxin reductase 1. In alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic mice, CHI leaves infusion ameliorated diabetic symptoms, including polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and hyperglycemia, in a dose-dependent and time-course manners. The mechanism involved CHI leaves up-regulating renal water reabsorption associated protein – urine transporter A1–and promoting the trafficking of urine transporter A1 and aquaporin 2 to the apical plasma membrane. Despite this, in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic golden hamsters, CHI leaves powder did not significantly effect on hyperlipidemia and body weight gain. This might be attributed to CHI leaves powder increasing the calorie intake. Interestingly, we found that CHI leaves extract containing a lower dose of total flavonoid than CHI leaves powder pronouncedly reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum in golden hamsters fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, CHI leaves extract elevated the diversity of gut microbiota and the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014. It also decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus at the genus level in golden hamsters fed a high-fat diet. Overall, CHI leaves benefit oxidative stress prevention and metabolic syndrome amelioration in vivo.

引言：过度摄入卡路里与缺乏体育锻炼导致营养负荷相关疾病的急剧增加，已成为全球公共卫生问题。金缕梅科植物（Chimonanthus salicifolius S. Y. Hu，简称CHI）作为中国食品与药材的同源植物，展现出多种健康益处。方法：本研究探讨了CHI叶的抗氧化活性、缓解糖尿病和血脂异常的作用及其作用机制。结果与讨论：结果显示，CHI叶的煎剂在体外通过ABTS和铁还原抗氧化能力方法测定显示出抗氧化活性。在野生型昆明小鼠中，CHI叶煎剂摄入激活了肝脏抗氧化酶，包括谷胱甘肽还原酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和硫氧还蛋白还原酶以及硫氧还蛋白还原酶1。在alloxan诱导的1型糖尿病小鼠中，CHI叶煎剂在剂量依赖和时间进程上改善了糖尿病症状，包括多尿、多饮、多食和高血糖。其作用机制涉及CHI叶上调与肾水重吸收相关的蛋白——尿液转运蛋白A1，并促进尿液转运蛋白A1和水分通道蛋白2向顶端质膜转运。尽管如此，在高脂肪饮食诱导的高脂血症金仓鼠中，CHI叶粉末对高脂血症和体重增加并没有显著影响。这可能与CHI叶粉末增加卡路里摄入有关。有趣的是，我们发现含有比CHI叶粉末低剂量总黄酮的CHI叶提取物显著降低了高脂肪饮食喂养的金仓鼠血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平。此外，CHI叶提取物提高了肠道微生物群的多样性以及双歧杆菌和瘤胃球菌（Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014）的丰度。它还在高脂肪饮食喂养的金仓鼠中降低了乳杆菌属的丰度。总体而言，CHI叶在体内有益于氧化应激的预防和代谢综合征的改善。