Shifts in energy allocation and reproduction in response to temperature

Background: Species adjust to changes in temperature and the accompanying reduction in resource availability during the annual cycle by shifts in energy allocation. As it gets colder, the priority of energy allocation to maintenance increases and reproduction is reduced or abandoned. Results: We studied whether and how young female guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) adjust even under ad libitum food conditions growth, storage of fat reserves and reproduction when kept at 5°C versus 15°C, and how offspring born into these conditions compensate during development to independence. Reproducing females grew less in the cold. Their lower weight resulted largely from less fat storage whereas growth in fat free mass was about the same for both groups. The increased need for thermoregulation diminished fat storage most likely due to the development of more brown fat tissue. Reproductive activity did not differ between groups in terms of litter frequency, mass and size. However, females in 5°C weaned pups later (around day 25) than females in 15°C (around day 21). Later weaning did not make up for the higher energy expenditure of pups in cold conditions leading to slower growth and less fat storage. Female pups born into the cold matured later than those born in 15°C. Investment in reproduction continued but allocation to individual pups declined. Conclusions: In more thermally demanding conditions female guinea pigs - even under ad libitum food abundance - transfer the higher costs of maintenance and reproduction largely to offspring.