International Military Intervention, 1989-2005
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This project updates INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION (IMI), 1946-1988 (ICPSR 6035), compiled by Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann (1993). This newer study documents 447 intervention events from 1989 to 2005. To ensure consistency across the full 1946-2005 time span, Pearson and Baumann's coding procedures were followed. The data collection thus "documents all cases of military intervention across international boundaries by regular armed forces of independent states" in the international system (Pearson and Baumann, 1993). "Military interventions are defined operationally in this collection as the movement of regular troops or forces (airborne, seaborne, shelling, etc.) of one country inside another, in the context of some political issue or dispute" (Pearson and Baumann, 1993). As with the original IMI (OIMI) collection, the 1989-2005 dataset includes information on actor and target states, as well as starting and ending dates. It also includes a categorical variable describing the direction of the intervention, i.e., whether it was launched in support of the target government, in opposition to the target government, or against some third party actor within the target state's borders. The intensity of the military intervention is captured in ordinal variables that document the scale of the actor's involvement, "ranging from minor engagement such as evacuation, to patrols, act of intimidation, and actual firing, shelling or bombing" (Pearson and Baumann, 1993). Casualties that are a direct result of the military intervention are coded as well. A novel aspect of IMI is the inclusion of a series of variables designed to ascertain the motivations or issues that prompted the actor to intervene, including to take sides in a domestic dispute in the target state, to affect target state policy, to protect a socio-ethnic or minority group, to attack rebels in sanctuaries in the target state, to protect economic or resource interests, to intervene for strategic purposes, to lend humanitarian aid, to acquire territory or to dispute its ownership, and to protect its own military/diplomatic interests. There are three main differences between OIMI and this update. First, the variable, civilian casualties, which complements IMI's information on the casualties suffered by actor and target military personnel has been added. Second, OIMI variables on colonial history, previous intervention, alliance partners, alignment of the target, power size of the intervener, and power size of the target have been deleted. The Web-based resources available today, such as the CIA World Fact Book, make information on the colonial history between actor and target readily available. Statistical programs allow researchers to generate all previous interventions by the actor into the target state. Since competing measures and data collections are used for alliances and state power, it was thought best to allow analysts who use IMI the freedom to choose the variables or dataset that measure the phenomena of their choice. Third, the data collection techniques differ from OIMI. OIMI relied on the scouring of printed news sources such as the New York Times Index, Facts on File, and Keesing's to collect information on international military interventions, whereas the computer-based search engine, Lexis-Nexis Academic, was used as the foundation for the new study's data search. Lexis-Nexis Academic includes print sources as well as news wire reports and many others. After Lexis-Nexis searches were conducted for each year in the update by at least four different investigators, regional sources, the United Nations Web site, and secondary works were consulted.
本项目更新了由弗雷德里克·S·皮尔逊（Frederic S. Pearson）与罗伯特·A·鲍曼（Robert A. Baumann）于1993年编制的《1946-1988年国际军事干预（IMI，INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION）》数据集（ICPSR 6035）。本次新研究记录了1989至2005年间的447起干预事件。为保证1946-2005全时段数据的一致性，本次更新沿用了皮尔逊与鲍曼的编码流程。因此，本次数据收集"记录了国际体系中，独立国家正规武装力量跨越国际边界实施军事干预的所有案例"（Pearson and Baumann, 1993）。 "本数据集在操作层面上将军事干预定义为：某国正规部队或武装力量（空降、海运、炮击等）以某一政治议题或争端为背景，进入另一国境内"（Pearson and Baumann, 1993）。 与原版国际军事干预数据集（OIMI，Original INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION）一致，本次1989-2005年数据集包含了行为主体与目标国、以及干预起止日期的相关信息。此外还包含一项分类变量，用于描述干预方向，即该干预是为支持目标国政府、反对目标国政府，还是针对目标国境内的第三方行为体。军事干预的烈度通过序数变量进行刻画，该变量记录了行为主体的参与规模，"范围从撤离等小规模行动，到巡逻、威慑行动，乃至实际开火、炮击或轰炸"（Pearson and Baumann, 1993）。同时也对军事干预直接导致的人员伤亡进行了编码。 本次更新的国际军事干预数据集的一项创新之处在于，新增了一系列变量，用于识别促使行为主体实施干预的动机或议题，包括在目标国国内争端中选边站队、影响目标国政策、保护社会族群或少数群体、打击目标国境内庇护所中的反叛势力、保护经济或资源利益、出于战略目的实施干预、提供人道主义援助、获取领土或争议领土所有权，以及保护本国军事/外交利益。 原版OIMI与本次更新数据集的主要差异有三点。第一，新增了"平民伤亡"变量，作为原数据集针对行为主体与目标国军方人员伤亡信息的补充。第二，删除了原版OIMI中关于殖民历史、既往干预、同盟伙伴、目标国立场、干预国国力规模与目标国国力规模的变量。当前可通过网络资源（如《CIA世界概况（CIA World Fact Book）》）便捷获取行为主体与目标国之间的殖民历史相关信息；统计分析软件可帮助研究者生成行为主体对目标国既往所有干预行为的相关数据。鉴于同盟与国家国力的衡量方式与数据集存在竞争性差异，本次更新允许使用本数据集的分析者自由选择用于衡量相关现象的变量或数据集。第三，本次更新的数据收集技术与原版OIMI不同。原版OIMI依赖检索《纽约时报索引》《Facts on File》《Keesing's》等印刷新闻资源来收集国际军事干预的相关信息，而本次新研究则以基于计算机的搜索引擎Lexis-Nexis Academic作为数据检索的核心工具。Lexis-Nexis Academic不仅收录印刷资源，还包含新闻电讯稿等诸多类型的内容。在对本次更新覆盖的每一年份进行Lexis-Nexis检索后，至少由四名不同的研究人员对结果进行核验，并参考了区域来源资料、联合国官网及二手研究文献。
