Meteorological data between and beneath the photovoltaic panels in the 2024 growing season in Datong, Shanxi Province

This dataset contains the daily meteorological observation data collected at the experimental site of a photovoltaic power station in Datong, Shanxi Province from April to October in 2024. The data covers the area beneath and between the photovoltaic panels. The observations were collected using automatic meteorological sensors installed at two representative locations within the photovoltaic station: beneath photovoltaic panels (denoted as bx) and between photovoltaic panel rows (denoted as kb). Sensors recorded air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Solar radiation is calculated using photosynthetically active radiation through formula (1). (1)  The monitoring system recorded the original data at a frequency of once every 30 minutes. The temperature differences between these two microhabitats (below the panel and between the panels) were calculated to quantify the impact of the photovoltaic structure on the microclimate. These difference variables were represented by suffix changes, and the calculation method was the difference between the temperature measurement values of the panel below and those of the panel between. underpanel_growseason_daytime.csvThis file contains the microclimate observation data of the daytime during the growing season. This dataset includes the daytime observation data after time period filtering. The data recording frequency within each period is once every half an hour. Each row represents the observation data of one record. This dataset includes environmental variables such as air temperature, air relative humidity, dew point temperature, radiation variables (measured PAR and estimated solar radiation), wind speed, atmospheric pressure and precipitation. In addition, it also includes the temperature differences between different positions under the photovoltaic panels and between different rows of photovoltaic panels during the daytime. There are 2392 data entries in this table.underpanel_growseason_night.csvThis file contains the nocturnal microclimate observation data during the growing season. This dataset includes the nocturnal observation data after time period filtering. The data recording frequency within each period is once every half an hour. Each row represents one set of recorded observation data. This dataset includes environmental variables such as air temperature, air relative humidity, dew point temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, and the corresponding daytime solar radiation estimation value. In addition, it also includes the temperature differences between different positions under the photovoltaic panels and between different rows of photovoltaic panels at night. There are 2392 data entries in this table. The dataset contains half-hourly microclimatic and meteorological observations collected at the photovoltaic experimental site. Each record corresponds to a 30-minute observation interval. The variables included in the table and their meanings are described as follows:time – Combined date and time stamp indicating the exact observation moment (YYYY/MM/DD HH:MM). This variable represents the full temporal record of each measurement.date – Calendar date of the observation (YYYY/MM/DD). This field is used to group observations by day for subsequent daily aggregation.clock – Time of day (HH:MM:SS) representing the specific observation time within each day.air_tem_bx (°C) – Air temperature measured beneath the photovoltaic panels.air_tem_kb (°C) – Air temperature measured between photovoltaic panel rows (open space between panels).air_change_tem (°C) – Difference in air temperature between the two microhabitats. It is calculated as:ΔTair=Tunder-panel area -Tin-between areaAir_Temp (°C) – Background air temperature recorded by the meteorological station at the site.Air_RH (%) – Relative humidity measured by the meteorological station.WS_ms (m s⁻¹) – Wind speed measured at the meteorological station.BP_kPa (kPa) – Atmospheric pressure recorded by the meteorological station.Rain_mm (mm) – Precipitation amount recorded during the observation interval.PAR (µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) – Photosynthetically active radiation measured at the site.   Underpanel_growseason_daytime_mean.csvThis file contains the daily mean values of daytime observations during the growing season. The data were calculated by aggregating the daytime records for each day and computing the mean value of each variable. These daily averaged variables were used in the statistical analyses and regression models presented in the study. Each row represents one day, and columns correspond to the mean values of environmental variables and microclimatic differences between measurement locations. There are 184 data entries in this table.Underpanel_growseason_night_mean.csvThis file contains the daily mean values of nighttime observations during the growing season. The dataset was generated by aggregating nighttime measurements and calculating the mean values for each variable for every night. Similar to the daytime mean dataset, each row represents one day (nighttime period), and each column corresponds to a specific environmental variable or derived microclimatic difference variable.The dataset contains daily records, with each row corresponding to one observation day and each column representing a specific environmental variable. Units for each variable are provided in parentheses above. There are 184 data entries in this table. The data table contains the following variables:date – Observation date (YYYY/MM/DD).J – Day of year.mean_air_tem_bx (°C) – Daily mean air temperature measured beneath photovoltaic panels.mean_air_tem_kb (°C) – Daily mean air temperature measured between panel rows.mean_air_change_tem (°C) – Difference in air temperature between beneath-panel and between-panel locations.mean_Air_Temp (°C) – Background meteorological air temperature measured at the site weather station.mean_Air_RH (%) – Relative humidity measured at the meteorological station.mean_WS_ms (m s⁻¹) – Mean wind speed.mean_BP_kPa (kPa) – Mean atmospheric pressure.mean_Rain_mm (mm) – Daily precipitation.mean_PAR (µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) – Daily mean photosynthetically active radiation.mean_Rs (W m⁻²) – Estimated solar radiation converted from PAR using an empirical conversion coefficient.mean_daytimeRs (W m⁻²) – Daily mean solar radiation calculated from daytime observations, estimated from PAR measurements using an empirical conversion coefficient. tem_daytime.Rtem_night.RThese scripts are used to process the daytime and nighttime microclimatic data analyze the influencing factors of them.