TABLE 1 in The genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World: a complete taxonomic revision with a key to species

TABLE 1. Summary of the valid New World Synergus species, their trophic relationships, and distribution.
Host plantSynergus speciesGall(s)DistributionbSpeciesSectionaRADIAL CELL OPEN OR PARTIALLY OPENmexicanusTuberous and fusiform swellings (Andricus spp.)Lobatae and Quercus sectionsUSA (AZ, CA, NM); Mexico (CDMX, GTO, HGO, MEX, ZAC)pedroiZapatella inflata, Z. nievesaldreyi, Z. petiolataQ. humboldtiiLobataeColombiaMESOPLEURON PARTIALLY SMOOTHagrifoliaeNeuroterus spp. Unknown gallsQ. agrifolia Q. garryanaLobatae QuercusUSA (CA)aurofaciesFemuros lusumQ. laetaQuercusMexico (CDMX)campanulaDisholcaspis quercusmamma Disholcaspis quercusglobulus Trigonaspis? quercusforticorneQ. bicolor White oaks Quercus sp.QuercusUSA (IL, NJ, NY, DC, WI)castanopsidisDryocosmus castanopsidisC. chrysophyllaUSA (CA)cibrianiSpherical galls on leaves Disholcaspis spp.Q. glabrescens Quercus sp.QuercusMexico (MICH)citriformisMainly Amphibolips; also, woolly galls of Andricus, Striatoandricus and Cynips, as well as other galls of Andricus, Atrusca, Cynips, Disholcaspis, Dros and Loxaulus (never tuberous galls)Lobatae and Quercus sectionsUSA (FL, CA); Panama; Mexico (AGS, CDMX, GTO, HGO, MEX, MICH, MOR, OAX, PUE, TLAX, VER, ZAC)confertusAndricus confertusQ. lobataQuercusUSA (CA)flavensHeteroecus flavens, H.pacificus Trichoteras coquillettiQ. vaccinifolia Q. chrysolepisProtobalanusUSA (CA)Woolly galls (Andricus spp.)Q. laetagillettiAtrusca sp.Q. laeta Q. rugosaQuercusMexico (ZAC)Synergus speciesGall(s)DistributionbSpeciesSectionaUnnamed gall Amphibolips confluentaQ. falcata Q. rubraLobataelaeviventrisAmphibolips quercusspongificaQuercus sp.USA (DC, CO, MI)Atrusca quercuscentricola, Disholcaspis rubens, D. quercusglobulusQuercus sp.QuercuslaticephalusSpherical galls on twigsQ. salicifoliaLobataePanamalongimalarisAmphibolips spp., Andricus spp. (never tuberous)Lobatae and Quercus sectionsMexico (HGO, JAL, MEX, MICH, MOR)longiscapusWoolly galls induced by Andricus and other galls of Andricus, Cynips, Disholcaspis, Loxaulus, Neuroterus and undetermined spherical galls on leaves (never tuberous galls)Lobatae and Quercus sectionsMexico (CDMX, MEX, MOR, NL, OAX, TLAX, VER, ZAC)mendaxCallirhytis quercuspunctataQ. velutinaLobataeUSA (IL)pacificusHeteroecus pacificus Disholcaspis canescensQ. chrysolepis Q. douglasiiProtobalanus QuercusUSA (CA)pomiformisAmphibolips quercuspomiformisQ. agrifolia Q. wislizeniLobataeUSA (CA)Amphibolips sp.Q. agrifoliaLobataeMexico (B.C.)punctatusDisholcaspis rubens Disholcaspis eldoradensis Biorhiza eburneaQuercus sp.QuercusUSA (CA, CO)stelluliAndricus stellulusQ. dumosaQuercusUSA (CA)striatifronsAmphibolips hidalgoensis, A. zacatequensis, A. cibrianiQ. eduardi Q. crassipe sLobataeMexico (CDMX, HGO, MÉX, TLAX, ZAC)succinipedisDisholcaspis quercusvirensQuercus sp.VirentesUSA (FL)walshiiAndricus quercusflocciQ. albaQuercusUSA (IL, MI)MESOPLEURON COMPLETELY SCULPTUREDashmeadi, sp. nov.Tuberous gall (Andricus sp.)Q. potosinaQuercusMexico (AGS)atraDisholcaspis rubens, unknown gallQuercus sp.QuercusUSA (MI, CO)atripennisDisholcaspis spongiosaQuercus sp.QuercusUSA (FL)atripesAtrusca brevipennataQuercus sp.QuercusUSA (CO)baruensisLeaf and bud galls (probably Callirhytis)Q. salicifoliaLobataePanamabatatoidesCallirhytis quercusbatatoidesQ. virginianaVirentesUSA (FL)bellusTwig swellings (probably tuberous)Q. chrysolepisProtobalanusUSA (CA)beutenmulleri, sp. nov.Tuberous gall (Andricus sp.)Q. potosinaQuercusMexico (AGS)bicolorAndricus quercusfoliatusQ. virginianaVirentesUSA (FL)brevicornisTwig gall (probably Andricus)Q. wislizeniLobataeUSA (CA)chiricanusSmall galls within buds (probably Andricus)Q. insignisQuercusPanamacolombianusZapatella grahamiQ. humboldtiiLobataeColombiacompressus, sp. nov.Andricus sp.Q. crassifoliaLobataeMexico (PUE)Synergus speciesGall(s)DistributionbSpeciesSectionaconiferaeCallirhytis quercusventricosaQuercus sp.LobataeUSA (FL)cultratusTuberous galls (Andricus spp.)Q. peduncularisQuercusGuatemaladawnusZapatella inflata, Z. nievesaldreyiQ. humboldtiiLobataeColombiadigressusSmall twig swellings (probably tuberous galls)Q. agrifoliaLobataeUSA (CA)dimorphusPresumably Besbicus conspicuus Presumably woody twig gallsQ. lobata Red oaksQuercus LobataeUSA (DC, MI, CA)distinctusDisholcaspis canescensQ. douglasiiQuercusUSA (CA)Melikaiella bicolorQ. laurina Q. crassifoliaLobataediversicolor, sp. nov.Sphaeroteras sp. Neuroterus sp. Small round galls on twigsQ. crassipes Q. obtusata Q. peduncularis Q. acutifoliaQuercus Quercus LobataeMexico (HGO, JAL, MOR, PUE)dorsalisAmphibolips quercuspomiformis Unknown galls Undetermined gallsQ. agrifolia Q. wislizeni Q. lobataLobatae Lobatae QuercusUSA (CA)duricoriusDisholcaspis quercusmammaQ. macrocarpaQuercusUSA (DE, MN)Femuros repandaeQ. obtusata Q. rugosaebenus, sp. nov.Femuros nr repandaeQ. laeta Quercus sp.QuercusMexico (CDMX, MEX, VER)Neuroterus sp., Andricus sp.Q. obtusataequihuaiInconspicuous acorn galls (probably Andricus)Q. rugosaQuercusMexico (MOR)erinaceiAcraspis erinaceiQ. albaQuercusUSA (IL, IA, NY); Canada (Ontario)estradaeTuberous galls (Andricus spp.)Q. obtusata Q. rugosa Q. affinisQuercus Quercus LobataeMexico (HGO, MOR, PUE)Disholcaspis quercusvirensQuercus sp.VirentesUSA (FL, VA)ficigeraeDisholcaspis sp.Q. magnoliifoliaQuercusMexico (JAL)Woolly galls on leaves and stems induced by Andricus, Striatoandricus and Cynips.Guatemala; Mexico (AGS, CDMX, GTO,filicornisAlso non-woolly galls of Andricus, Atrusca, Cynips, Disholcaspis, Kokkocynips, Loxaulus and other galls (never tuberous galls)Lobatae and Quercus sectionsJAL, MEX, MICH, MOR, PUE, QRO, ZAC); USA (CO, NM)forcadellaeWoolly galls induced by Andricus and Striatoandricus. Also non-woolly galls of Andricus, Atrusca, Amphibolips and Cynips (never tuberous galls)Mainly Quercus sectionMexico (CDMX, GTO, MEX, MICH, MOR, QRO)Synergus speciesGall(s)DistributionbSpeciesSectionaNeuroterus gall on leaf nervesQ. sapotifoliaLobataegabrieliQ. lancifoliaQuercusPanamaWoolly galls on leavesQ. insignis Q. sapotifoliaQuercus LobataeLoxaulus laeta, Andricus santafeQ. laetaQuercusgrahamiTwig swellings (Andricus or Loxaulus)Q. crassipes Q. laetaLobatae QuercusMexico (CDMX)incisusCallirhytis frequensQuercus sp.QuercusUSA (CO, NM)kinseyiTuberous galls (Andricus spp.)Q. peduncularisQuercusGuatemalalignicolaCallirhytis cornigera Callirhytis quercuspunctata Callirhytis quercusgemmariaQ. palustris Q. velutina Q. ilicifoliaLobataeUSA (IN, MI, MO, NJ, NY, DC, VA)Andricus quercuslaurinusQ. affinisLobataeMexico (HGO)linnei, sp. nov.Disholcaspis sp. Small striped-round galls on twigsQuercus sp.-Mexico (QRO, ZAC)macrackenae, sp. nov.Loxaulus hyalinus, Andricus fusiformis, Neuroterus sp. on leavesQ. obtusataQuercusMexico (MEX, MICH)medianeroiTwig swelling galls (Loxaulus or Bassettia)Q. sapotifoliaLobataePanamamedullaeZapatella quercusmedullaeQuercus sp.LobataeUSA (FL)Tuberous gall (Andricus sp.)Q. peduncularisQuercusGuatemalamesoamericanusOdontocynips championiQ. sapotifoliaLobataePanamaStem gallsQ. oleoidesVirentesNicaraguanicaraguensisDisholcaspis sp.Q. lancifoliaQuercusPanamanigroornatusHeteroecus pacificusQ. chrysolepisProtobalanusUSA (CA)oaxaquensis, sp. nov.Undetermined galls (Andricus or Loxaulus)Q. obtusataQuercusMexico (OAX)obtusilobaeUnnamed and unknown gallsQ. stellata Q. albaQuercusUSA (FL, MO, VA, DC)ochreusBesbicus conspicuus Disholcaspis eldoradensis Disholcaspis sp. Unknown gallQ. lobata Quercus sp. Q. oblongifolia Q. dumosaQuercusUSA (CA, AZ)Synergus speciesGall(s)DistributionbSpeciesSectionaAndricus quercusstrobilana Atrusca brevipennataQuercus sp.oneratusDisholcaspis eldoradensisQ. dumosa Q. garryana Q. lobataQuercusUSA (CA, CO, MA, NY, NJ, OR, WA, DC, MI, IL, IA); CanadaDisholcaspis perniciosa Disholcaspis quercusglobulus Disholcaspis rubensQ. gambelii Quercus sp. Q. x undulata(Ottawa)personatus, sp. nov.Atrusca sp.Q. microphylla Q. glabrescensQuercusMexico (MEX, TLAX)Mainly asexual tuberous galls of Andricus quercuslaurinus (rarely sexual, non-tuberous galls of the same species)Q. affinis Q. laurinaLobataepseudofilicornisAlso, other tuberous galls induced by Andricus, woolly galls of Andricus andMexico (CDMX, HGO, MEX, MOR, N.L., PUE, TLAX, VER)Striatoandricus and non-woolly galls of Andricus, Atrusca, Cynips, Dros, Neuroterus and other undetermined gallsLobatae and Quercus sectionsquercuslanaAndricus quercusflocciQ. albaQuercusUSA (IA, NY)ramoniUndetermined spherical galls on twigsQ. salicifoliaLobataePanamareniformisDisholcaspis? reniformis Andricus? truckeensisQ. vaccinifolia Q. chrysolepisProtobalanusUSA (CA, OR)Andricus? truckeensisQ. chrysolepisProtobalanusMexico (B.C.)ruficephalus, sp. nov.Tuberous gall (probably A. quercuslaurinus)Q. crassipesLobataeMexico (MEX)rufinotaulisCynips sp.Q. sapotifoliaLobataePanamarutulusDisholcaspis plumbellaQ. dumosaQuercusUSA (CA)shorthouseiTuberous galls (Andricus spp.)Lobatae and Quercus sectionsMexico (GTO, HGO, MEX, MICH, OAX, ZAC)tenebrosusTuberous gall (Andricus sp.)Q. mexicana Q. rugosaLobatae QuercusMexico (GRO, MEX)villosusAcraspis villosaQuercus sp.QuercusUSA (IA)virentisDisholcaspis quercusvirensQuercus sp.VirentesUSA (FL)weldi, sp. nov.Tuberous gall (Andricus sp.)Q. mexicanaLobataeMexico (GTO)Total: 81 valid speciesc
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