Fibrinogen and Complement Factor H Are Promising CSF Protein Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease with Cognitive ImpairmentA Proteomics–ELISA-Based Study

Parkinson’s
disease (PD) with cognitive impairment (PDCI)
is essentially diagnosed through clinical and neuropsychological examinations.
There is a need to identify biomarkers to foresee cognitive decline
in them. We performed label-free unbiased nontargeted proteomics (Q-TOF
LC/MS–MS) on the CSF of non-neurological control; PDCI; PD;
and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) patients, followed by targeted
ELISA for validation. Of the 281 proteins identified, 42 were differentially
altered in PD, PDCI, and NPH. With a certain overlap, 28 proteins
were altered in PDCI and 25 proteins were altered in NPH. Five significantly
upregulated proteins in PDCI were fibrinogen, gelsolin, complement
factor-H, and apolipoproteins A-I and A-IV, whereas carnosine dipeptidase-1,
carboxypeptidase-E, dickkopf-3, and secretogranin-3 precursor proteins
were downregulated. Those uniquely altered in NPH were the insulin-like
growth factor-binding protein, ceruloplasmin, α-1 antitrypsin,
VGF nerve growth factor, and neural cell adhesion molecule L1-like
protein. The ELISA-derived protein concentrations correlated with
neuropsychological scores of certain cognitive domains. In PDCI, the
Wisconsin card sorting percentile correlated negatively with fibrinogen.
Intraperitoneal injection of native fibrinogen caused motor deficits
in C57BL/6J mice as assessed by the pole test. Thus, a battery of
proteins such as fibrinogen-α-chain, CFAH, and APOA-I/APOA-IV
alongside neuropsychological assessment could be reliable biomarkers
to distinguish PDCI and NPH.