Set of models fitted to assess the relationship between (A) problem solving success, treatment group, and trial number; (B) problem solving success within the observer treatment group and attentiveness, neophobia, and persistence; (C) attentiveness; and (D) persistence within the observer treatment group and sex, social rank, and trial number.

The error distributions used in the models are specified by model family. Model comparison was based on AICc. Np is the number of parameters, ΔAICc is the difference between the candidate model and the model having the lowest AICc, and ωi is the AICc weight of each model. Models retained based on the lowest AICc value appears in bold, and models retained based on parsimony rules in italic font.