Data_supplement.xlsx

This network meta-analysis investigated the effects of different forms and dosages of caffeine supplementation on endurance performance in athletes. By analyzing 56 studies involving 786 athletes, the study identified optimal combinations for performance enhancement. Caffeine gum (1–6 mg/kg), caffeine capsules (1–3 mg/kg), and liquid caffeine (4–6 mg/kg) showed the highest efficacy across different dosage groups. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for tailoring caffeine use in endurance sports.