Militia, Boko Haram, Banditry, and Infrastructure Bursts: Impacts on Nigerian Energy Systems

Intentional attacks on energy systems by non-state actors are continuously rising in politically unstable regions, creating profound economic, environmental, and geopolitical risks. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of how non-state actor activities-particularly militancy, insurgency, and armed banditry-undermine Nigeria's energy systems through targeted attacks on oil and gas infrastructure as well as power transmission networks. By compiling and analysing two major datasets covering 2009-2025, we assess the economic and environmental impacts of these attacks and also analyse disruptions on power generation and supply on two case studies: the 2016 Shell Forcados terminal bombing and the 2024 Shiroro transmission line vandalization.