Mouse oral and fecal microbiomes in 4-NQO model

Sixty-four C57BL/6 mice sourced from Jackson Laboratory and Taconic Biosciences (n=32 per vendor) were treated with 4-NQO for 16 weeks to induce oral carcinogenesis. Mice were concurrently randomized to receive biweekly oral swabbing with either <i>Streptococcus mitis</i> or vehicle control, which continued for an additional 12 weeks. Species-level profiling of the oral and fecal microbiomes at baseline and at 8 weeks was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At week 32, mouse tongues were evaluated macroscopically and histologically for tumor development.