Petrogenesis and rare-metal mineralization of the Ririwai alkaline granitoids, north-central Nigeria: mineralogical and geochemical constraints

The Ririwai anorogenic alkaline complex harbours extensive rare metal (Nb-Zr-Sn-Zn) mineralization. However, uncertainty still surrounds their origin and magmatic-hydrothermal processes responsible for their rare metal mineralization. The complex is composed of peralkaline arfvedsonite ± albite-bearing granites, mildly peralkaline fayalite-bearing granite porphyries, and weakly peraluminous biotite-bearing granites, all of which show diagnostic A₁-type characteristics. Zircon U-Pb dating reveals emplacement ages between 181.4 ± 0.81 and 188.6 ± 7 Ma for the three rock units. Sm-Nd and Pb isotopes (εNd (t) = –0.6 to −5.4, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.68–17.93) constrained the Ririwai A-type granites to represent highly fractionated products of enriched mantle-derived magmas. Mass-balance modelling suggests that magma evolution was fuelled by extensive fractional crystallization of 50 ~ 60 vol.% K-feldspar, 30 ~ 35 vol% fayalite, 5 ~ 10 vol.% amphibole, and ~ 5 vol.% apatite under reduced and water-undersaturated (ΔFMQ = –1.55; log<i>f</i>o₂ = –18.63; H₂O =  &lt;2.0 wt.%) conditions and assimilation of ~ 50 vol.% crust. Whole rock and amphibole compositions revealed an increasing degree of fractionation from the fayalite-bearing granite porphyries through biotite-bearing granites to the arfvedsonite ± albite-bearing granites. This extended fractionation at the late stage of magma differentiation, facilitated by fluorine dissolution and concentration of excess HFSE and REE as alkali-fluorocomplexes in the fluorine-rich silicate melt, allowed the accumulation of economic rare metal pyrochlore and columbite mineralizations in the highly fractionated arfvedsonite± albite- and biotite-bearing granites, respectively. Nonetheless, the metasomatic reaction rim textures around the magmatic pyrochlore, coupled with the M-type lanthanide tetrad effect (TE_1,3 &gt;1.10) indicate the subsequent effect of hydrothermal processes. Tectonically, reactivated shear fractures and transcurrent faults following lithospheric stresses in a transtensional regime allowed magma uprising and emplacement of A-type granites in the Ririwai complex.