Table_1_Destructive Phytophthora on orchids: current knowledge and future perspectives.DOCX

Anton de Bary first coined the genus, Phytophthora, which means “plant destroyer”, viewing its devastating nature on potatoes. Globally plants have faced enormous threat from Phytophthora since its occurrence. In fact, a century ago, Phytophthorapalmivora was first reported on Dendrobium maccarthiae in Sri Lanka. Since then, members of beautiful flowering crops of the family Orchidaceae facing the destructive threat of Phytophthora. Several Phytophthora species have been recorded to infect orchids with economic loss worldwide. To date, orchids are attacked by 12 species of Phytophthora. Five Phytophthora species (P. palmivora, P. nicotianae, P. cactorum, P. multivesiculata, P. meadii) are the major pathogenic Oomycetous Chromista” rather than true fungi frequently occurred on Orchidaceae. Phytophthora palmivora (having ~32 orchid host genera in 15 countries), Phytophthora nicotianae (having ~15 orchid host genera in 16 countries), Phytophthora cactorum (having ~43 orchid host genera in 6 countries), Phytophthora multivesiculata (having 2 orchid host genera in 5 countries) and Phytophthora capsici (having 2 orchid host genera in all Vanilla growing countries) are potential destroyers of Orchidaceae. Most of them are water loving Oomycetes cause disease in moist environments (> 80% RH) at 16–28°C. In artificially constructed orchidaria, anthropogenic factors are mostly contributed to the dissemination Phytophthora diseases in addition to many other factors. Water management, clean cultivation, and agro-chemicals are the major options for effective management of orchid Phytophthora, as the eco-friendly management options like development of resistant hybrids/cultivars, biological disease management, transgenic approaches, RNAi technology remained in the infant stage. In this review, we intended to highlight the insight of Phytophthora diseases associated with the orchid disease with reference to the historical aspect of the diseases, symptoms and signs, the pathogens, taxonomy, geographic distribution, host range within the Orchidaceae, pathogen identification, molecular diagnostics, mating types and races, management options and strategies and future perspectives.

Anton de Bary 首次提出属名 Phytophthora，其意为‘植物毁灭者’，鉴于其对马铃薯造成的毁灭性影响。自其出现以来，全球植物一直面临着来自 Phytophthora 的巨大威胁。事实上，一个世纪前，Phytophthora palmivora 首次在斯里兰卡的 Dendrobium maccarthiae 上被报道。自那时起，兰科中那些美丽的开花植物便面临着来自 Phytophthora 的破坏性威胁。全球范围内已记录数种 Phytophthora 物种感染兰花，造成经济损失。迄今为止，兰花受到 12 种 Phytophthora 物种的侵袭。其中五种 Phytophthora 物种（P. palmivora、P. nicotianae、P. cactorum、P. multivesiculata、P. meadii）是主要的病原性 Oomycetous Chromista，它们而非真正的真菌，频繁出现在兰科植物上。Phytophthora palmivora（在 15 个国家的约 32 个兰花属中），Phytophthora nicotianae（在 16 个国家的约 15 个兰花属中），Phytophthora cactorum（在 6 个国家的约 43 个兰花属中），Phytophthora multivesiculata（在 5 个国家的 2 个兰花属中）和 Phytophthora capsici（在所有香草种植国家的 2 个兰花属中）是兰科的潜在毁灭者。其中大多数为喜水性的 Oomycetes，在湿润环境（相对湿度 > 80%）的 16-28°C 下引发疾病。在人工构建的兰园中，除了许多其他因素外，人为因素在很大程度上促进了 Phytophthora 疾病的传播。水管理、清洁耕作和农业化学品是有效管理兰花 Phytophthora 的主要手段，而诸如培育抗病杂交种/品种、生物病害管理、转基因方法、RNAi 技术等环保管理选项仍处于初级阶段。在本综述中，我们旨在从疾病的历史角度、症状和体征、病原体、分类学、地理分布、在兰科中的寄主范围、病原体鉴定、分子诊断、交配型和菌系、管理选项和策略以及未来展望等方面，突出与兰花疾病相关的 Phytophthora 疾病的见解。