Differential Modulation of Sensorimotor Network by Temporal Interference and High-Definition Direct Current Stimulation: A Network and Graph Theoretical Analysis

Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive deep brain stimulation technique. This study compared the effects of TIS and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) targeting the left primary motor cortex (M1) on brain networks in 40 healthy adults. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we constructed large-scale brain networks by combining the Dosenbach atlas with Yeo seven-network parcellation and employed graph theoretical analysis to evaluate network properties. Both techniques enhanced sensorimotor network (SMN) connectivity and efficiency, with TIS showing superior effects. TIS demonstrated broader impacts by enhancing multiple within-network connections and numerous between-network connections, while HD-tDCS showed limited effects primarily on SMN. These findings suggest TIS as a potentially more effective neuromodulation technique for enhancing brain network connectivity and efficiency, offering important implications for future therapeutic applications in neurological and psychiatric disorders.

时间干扰刺激（TIS）作为一种有前景的无创深部脑刺激技术，逐渐受到关注。本研究对比了TIS与针对左侧初级运动皮层（M1）的高分辨率经颅直流电刺激（HD-tDCS）对40名健康成人脑网络的影响。通过结合Dosenbach图谱与Yeo七网络分区，并利用静息态功能性磁共振成像技术，我们构建了大规模脑网络，并采用图论分析方法评估网络特性。两种技术均增强了感觉运动网络（SMN）的连接性和效率，其中TIS显示出更为卓越的效果。TIS通过增强网络内部的多个连接以及众多网络间的连接，展现了更广泛的效应，而HD-tDCS的影响则主要局限于SMN。这些发现表明，TIS作为一种潜在的、更有效的神经调节技术，在增强脑网络连接性和效率方面具有重要作用，对未来神经病学和精神病学疾病的治疗应用具有重要意义。