DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide and represents a major global health challenge.The disease is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia caused by impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Long‑term hyperglycemia leads to numerous complications affecting different organs and physiological systems. These complications include diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Recent biomedical research emphasizes the importance of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic complications. Chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic imbalance are considered the key factors responsible for tissue damage in diabetic patients. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies and preventing disease progression.