INNOVATIONS IN UROLOGICAL SURGERY: FROM OPEN TO ROBOTIC APPROACHES

Minimally invasive techniques have revolutionized the field of urological surgery over the past three decades. Laparoscopy, endourology, and robotic-assisted procedures have replaced many traditional open operations, reducing perioperative morbidity and enhancing recovery. This article reviews recent advances in minimally invasive urology, focusing on key procedures such as radical prostatectomy, nephrectomy, stone management, and reconstructive surgery. Clinical outcomes, patient safety, and future perspectives are analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of minimally invasive approaches in modern urology.