Data_Sheet_1_Australia: A Continent Without Native Powdery Mildews? The First Comprehensive Catalog Indicates Recent Introductions and Multiple Host Range Expansion Events, and Leads to the Re-discovery of Salmonomyces as a New Lineage of the Erysiphales.docx

In contrast to Eurasia and North America, powdery mildews (Ascomycota, Erysiphales) are understudied in Australia. There are over 900 species known globally, with fewer than currently 60 recorded from Australia. Some of the Australian records are doubtful as the identifications were presumptive, being based on host plant-pathogen lists from overseas. The goal of this study was to provide the first comprehensive catalog of all powdery mildew species present in Australia. The project resulted in (i) an up-to-date list of all the taxa that have been identified in Australia based on published DNA barcode sequences prior to this study; (ii) the precise identification of 117 specimens freshly collected from across the country; and (iii) the precise identification of 30 herbarium specimens collected between 1975 and 2013. This study confirmed 42 species representing 10 genera, including two genera and 13 species recorded for the first time in Australia. In Eurasia and North America, the number of powdery mildew species is much higher. Phylogenetic analyses of powdery mildews collected from Acalypha spp. resulted in the transfer of Erysiphe acalyphae to Salmonomyces, a resurrected genus. Salmonomyces acalyphae comb. nov. represents a newly discovered lineage of the Erysiphales. Another taxonomic change is the transfer of Oidium ixodiae to Golovinomyces. Powdery mildew infections have been confirmed on 13 native Australian plant species in the genera Acacia, Acalypha, Cephalotus, Convolvulus, Eucalyptus, Hardenbergia, Ixodia, Jagera, Senecio, and Trema. Most of the causal agents were polyphagous species that infect many other host plants both overseas and in Australia. All powdery mildews infecting native plants in Australia were phylogenetically closely related to species known overseas. The data indicate that Australia is a continent without native powdery mildews, and most, if not all, species have been introduced since the European colonization of the continent.

与欧亚大陆和北美洲相比，粉虱霉（子囊菌亚门，白粉菌目）在澳大利亚的研究相对较少。全球已知超过900个物种，而目前记录的澳大利亚物种不到60种。其中一些澳大利亚的记录存疑，因为鉴定依据是来自海外的主植物-病原体清单。本研究旨在提供澳大利亚所有粉虱霉物种的第一份全面目录。该项目成果包括：（i）基于本研究前已发表的DNA条形码序列，在澳大利亚已鉴定出的所有分类群的最新列表；（ii）对来自全国各地的117份新采集标本的精确鉴定；（iii）对1975年至2013年间采集的30份标本馆标本的精确鉴定。本研究确认了42个物种，代表10个属，包括两个属和13个物种为澳大利亚首次记录。在欧亚大陆和北美洲，粉虱霉物种的数量要高得多。对来自Acalypha属植物的粉虱霉进行系统发育分析，导致Erysiphe acalyphae被转移至Salmonomyces属，这是一个已复苏的属。Salmonomyces acalyphae comb. nov.代表了Erysiphales的一个新发现的谱系。另一个分类学上的变化是将Oidium ixodiae转移至Golovinomyces属。已在13种原生澳大利亚植物物种上确认了粉虱霉感染，这些物种分别属于Acacia、Acalypha、Cephalotus、Convolvulus、Eucalyptus、Hardenbergia、Ixodia、Jagera、Senecio和Trema属。大多数病原体为多食性物种，感染海外和澳大利亚的许多其他宿主植物。所有感染澳大利亚原生植物的粉虱霉在系统发育上与海外已知物种密切相关。数据显示，澳大利亚是一个没有原生粉虱霉的大陆，如果不是全部，大部分物种自欧洲殖民该大陆以来均已被引入。