Western blots data about the protective effect of Rg3@PACVs in lung ischemia–reperfusion injury

Rg3@PACVs + NIR treatment effectively preserved mitochondrial homeostasis and activated pro-survival signaling under IRI conditions. Specifically, IRI and H/R markedly downregulated PGC-1α and MFN2 while increasing DRP1 phosphorylation, indicating impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion together with enhanced fission. In contrast, Rg3@PACVs + NIR significantly restored PGC-1α expression, upregulated MFN2, and inhibited DRP1 phosphorylation, thereby promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion while suppressing excessive fission (Figures S3E and S5J). Moreover, Rg3@PACVs + NIR enhanced the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT, suggesting activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is crucial for the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, and metabolism (Figures S6G–H).