Identification and bioactivity of the growth inhibitors in <i>Tuber</i> spp. methanolic extracts
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The methanolic extracts of fresh fruiting bodies of <i>Tuber melanosporum</i>, <i>T. aestivum</i>, <i>T. magnatum</i> and <i>T. borchii</i> were evaluated for their free fatty acids (FFAs) content to test their contribution to truffle allelopathic activity. Linoleic acid was the major FFA detected in all truffle species. In addition to linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid were the other abundant FFAs in the <i>Tuber</i> spp. extracts. Looking at the total production, <i>T. melanosporum</i> and <i>T. aestivum</i> synthesized significantly higher amounts of all identified FFA than <i>T. magnatum</i> and <i>T. borchii.</i> The allelopathic activity, based on the specific activity (EC<sub>50</sub>) of the identified compounds, was evaluated in the growth of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, <i>Lotus corniculatus</i>, <i>Melica ciliata</i> and <i>Silene vulgaris</i>. Linoleic acid had the lowest specific activity and palmitic acid had the highest. The black truffle extracts had a higher inhibitory activity than white truffles, and this could be explained by the high relative amount of FFAs in them.
