ADVANCEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS: A MODERN REVIEW

In genetic engineering, a transgenic animal possesses foreign DNA that has been intentionally introduced into its genome. We discuss cloning vectors which are used to genetically modify animals by introducing a short DNA fragment containing foreign desired DNA, which duplicates itself and then transferred into the other organism. Various types of vectors are plasmid vectors, cosmid vectors, bacteriophage, yeast artificial chromosomes, bacterial artificial chromosomes, and human artificial chromosomes. Different gene insertion techniques to insert the vector carrying the desired gene into the host cell including heat shock, electroporation, gene gun, microinjection, and liposomes have been discussed. We have compiled a list of numerous transgenic technologies and methodologies which includes transgenesis through the gonads such as sperm-mediated gene transfers and fertilised egg that is done by DNA microinjection, retrovirus-mediated gene transfers and more advanced techniques like cre-lox technique, viral vector, cytoplasmic injection, primordial germ cells, Spermatogonia manipulation. The general role of transgenic animals like rats, fish, cattle, and monkeys has also been mentioned. These genetically fabricated animals have an immense impact on human health and recombinant therapeutic application. This review focuses on various methods of transgenesis and their applications such as recombinant therapeutic protein, medical application, xenotransplantation, and human gene therapy.
Key words: genetic engineering, transgenic animals, restriction enzymes, vectors.

在基因工程领域，转基因动物是指其基因组中已有意引入外源DNA的动物。本文讨论了克隆载体，这些载体通过引入含有外源所需DNA的短DNA片段来对动物进行基因改造，该片段能够自我复制并将其转移到其他生物体中。文中涉及了多种类型的载体，包括质粒载体、粘粒载体、噬菌体、酵母人工染色体、细菌人工染色体以及人类人工染色体。同时，还讨论了将携带所需基因的载体插入宿主细胞的不同基因插入技术，包括热冲击、电穿孔、基因枪、显微注射和脂质体等。我们还编制了一份包含众多转基因技术和方法的清单，这些方法包括通过生殖腺进行转基因，如精子介导的基因转移和通过DNA显微注射完成的受精卵，以及更先进的cre-lox技术、病毒载体、细胞质注射、原始生殖细胞和精原细胞操作等。此外，还提到了诸如大鼠、鱼类、牛和猴子等转基因动物的一般作用。这些通过基因改造制造出的动物对人类健康和重组治疗应用产生了巨大的影响。本综述聚焦于多种转基因方法及其应用，如重组治疗蛋白、医学应用、异种移植和人类基因治疗等。关键词：基因工程、转基因动物、限制性内切酶、载体。