Families on the Run 2020 - El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras...and 1 more

Abstract
---------------------------

Multiple causes for displacement, all too often underpinned by violence and persecution, has led to over 800,000 Central Americans fleeing their homes, beginning in 2013. Year after year, there has been an increase in individuals fleeing. This was marked initially by especially large numbers of unaccompanied children, then joined in around 2018 with dramatic increases in families units fleeing Central America. Families are forced to flee together as violent threats and persecution by criminal groups in communities extend beyond individuals to entire family units.

Given these shifting dynamics in human mobility in these countries, UNHCR and UNICEF, through the Interdisciplinary Development Consultants, CID Gallup, decided to undertake this study with the aim of understanding and giving visibility to the forced displacement of families that flee northern Central America. In addition, the study also seeks to shed light on the current trends, protection risks and factors associated to the forced displacement and migration of unaccompanied and separated children.

For this purpose, Gallup conducted 3,104 surveys, complemented by focus group sessions segmented according to the geography of displacement in the region: country of origin, of transit and of asylum. Additionally, interviews were undertaken with families who were part of large mixed movement "caravans" that left Honduras at the beginning of 2020.

Analysis unit
---------------------------

Household

Kind of data
---------------------------

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
---------------------------

A significant sample was taken of each profile interviewed for a total of 3,104 surveys conducted in Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico. The content of each survey was focused on the following profiles:

Families and children and adolescents at risk of displacement in countries of origin: a total of 789 surveys were carried out with families identified from a non-probabilistic sampling. The surveys were taken in areas with the highest criminality and violence rates in countries of origin (El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala), which were also areas with a prior history of forced displacement identified through previous studies. The survey questions focused on risks faced by families in their places of origin, including those that would compel them to flee, particularly those related to violence and poverty.

Families and children and adolescents in transit: a total of 836 surveys were carried out with families identified from a non-probabilistic sampling. The surveys were taken at locations where persons in transit were typically found in Guatemala and Mexico, such as Casas de Migrantes. For the quantitative component, data of unaccompanied children and adolescents was gatheredin Casa Nuestras Raices in Guatemala City and Quetzaltenango. This segment of the population was surveyed on the risks they faced during transit as well as the causes of displacement from their countries of origin.

Families and children and adolescents in country of destination: through non-probabilistic sampling methods, 453 people were surveyed, the majority of whom were recognized as refugees or asylum seekers in Mexico. Several interviews were facilitated by the UNHCR Office in Mexico in areas with this population profile: Casa del Migrante Monsenor-Oluta Veracruz, Scalabrinianas Mision con Migrantes y Refugiados, State DIF, Municipal DIF, among others. The survey questions for this population focused on the asylum procedure and their living conditions in the country.

Deported families and children and adolescents: non-probability cluster sampling. Interviews were conducted with 1,026 families that had been detained and deported during the 12 months prior to the survey. Locations included the Guatemalan Air Force base, outside of the Center for the Comprehensive Assistance to Migrants (CAIM for its acronym in Spanish) and outside of the following locations in Honduras: Center for the Assistance of Migrant Children and Families in Belen, and Center for the Assistance to the Returned Migrant (CAMR) and CAMR-OMOA.

Mode of data collection
---------------------------

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
---------------------------

The questionnaire contains the following sections: household characteristics, individual characteristics, details on deportation, risks, transit, settled households.

摘要
---------------------------
多重的驱逐原因，往往根植于暴力与迫害，自2013年起已导致超过80万中美洲人背井离乡。年复一年，逃离的人数持续上升。这一趋势最初以大量无陪伴儿童为标志，并于2018年左右，随着大量家庭单元从中美洲逃亡的戏剧性增加而加剧。由于社区中的犯罪团伙对暴力威胁与迫害的扩展已超越个体，影响到了整个家庭单元，因此家庭被迫集体逃离。

鉴于这些国家人类流动性的变化趋势，联合国难民署（UNHCR）和联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）通过跨学科发展顾问（CID Gallup）决定开展此项研究，旨在深入理解和揭示逃离北中美洲的家庭被迫驱逐的现象。此外，研究还旨在揭示当前的趋势、保护风险以及与被迫驱逐和迁移的未陪伴和分离儿童相关联的因素。

为此目的，Gallup进行了3,104次调查，并通过根据该地区驱逐地理分布进行的焦点小组会议进行补充：起源国、过境国和庇护国。此外，还采访了2020年初从洪都拉斯出发的大型混合流动“迁徙车”中的家庭。

分析单元
---------------------------
家庭单元

数据类型
---------------------------
样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
---------------------------
在洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉和墨西哥进行了大量抽样，共计3,104次调查。每次调查的内容都聚焦于以下轮廓：

起源国面临驱逐风险的家庭与儿童青少年：通过对非概率抽样的家庭进行识别，共进行了789次调查。调查在起源国（萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯和危地马拉）犯罪率和暴力率最高的地区进行，这些地区也是先前研究中确定的具有强迫驱逐历史的地方。调查问题集中于家庭在其原籍地的风险，包括那些迫使他们逃离的因素，尤其是与暴力和贫困相关的问题。

过境国的家庭与儿童青少年：通过对非概率抽样的家庭进行识别，共进行了836次调查。调查在危地马拉和墨西哥的过境者通常被发现的地方进行，如“移民之家”。对于定量部分，在危地马拉城的Casa Nuestras Raices和Quetzaltenango收集了未陪伴儿童和青少年的数据。该群体被调查其在过境期间面临的风险以及其原籍地驱逐的原因。

目的国的家庭与儿童青少年：通过非概率抽样方法，对453人进行了调查，其中大多数人在墨西哥被认定为难民或寻求庇护者。在墨西哥联合国难民署办公室的协助下，在具有此人口特征的地区进行了多次访谈：如Veracruz的Casa del Migrante Monsenor-Oluta，Scalabrinianas Mision con Migrantes y Refugiados，州DIF，市DIF等。该群体被调查的问卷问题集中在庇护程序及其在国家的居住条件。

遣返的家庭与儿童青少年：非概率聚类抽样。在对调查前12个月内被拘留和遣返的1,026个家庭进行了访谈。地点包括危地马拉空军基地、综合援助移民中心（CAIM）外以及洪都拉斯以下地点：贝伦的移民儿童和家庭援助中心，以及返回移民援助中心（CAMR）和CAMR-OMOA。

数据收集方式
---------------------------
面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
---------------------------
问卷包含以下部分：家庭特征、个人特征、遣返详情、风险、过境、定居家庭。