Comparison results of similar schemes.

The widespread adoption of e-health systems raises critical concerns regarding data privacy and network security. Ensuring secure and reliable data sharing between patients and healthcare professionals remains a significant challenge. To address this, we propose a novel anonymous authentication scheme tailored for e-health environments, integrating zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) with multimodal biometrics. Our key contributions are as follows: (1) applying the Pedersen vector commitment algorithm to construct a biometric-based ZKP scheme, thereby ensuring enhanced security and privacy-preserving authentication; (2) utilizing multimodal cancelable biometrics generate (MCBG) technology, integrating fingerprint, face, and iris modalities to strengthen the security of the verification process; and (3) providing a detailed security analysis that demonstrates our scheme meets essential security requirements, including anonymity, authenticity, unlinkability, forward security, and resistance to replay attacks. Experimental results demonstrate stable proving and verification time of approximately 78 ms and 140 ms, respectively, regardless of the proof range, validating its efficiency and practicality for secure authentication in e-health systems.