Australian Cultural Fields: National and Transnational Dynamics - Household Interviews

The Australian Cultural Fields (ACF) questionnaire was modelled on the French study pioneered by Pierre Bourdieu (1984). While there have been many subsequent studies that have explored the cultural tastes and practices of particular social groups or educational cohorts, or focused on particular cultural fields, there have been only a few national surveys encompassing a wide range of cultural fields. Such surveys have been conducted in Australia (Bennett et al., 1999), Britain (Bennett et al., 2009), Denmark (Prieur et al., 2008) and Serbia (Cveticanin and Popescu, 2011). In building on these earlier studies, the ACF survey sought to address the distinctive socio-cultural coordinates of a settler-colonial society with an Indigenous population asserting an increasingly strong cultural presence, and a large and growing multicultural population with a rapidly changing composition from mainly southern European sources of migration towards east and southern Asia. The key innovations in questionnaire design are that, by opting for an in-depth inquiry into patterns of consumption in the art, literary, sport, television, heritage and music fields - but excluding other areas: film and culinary practices, for example - we were able to go beyond questions relating to tastes for the main genres and patterns of participation most strongly associated with those fields, to ask our respondents whether they recognised, engaged with and, if so, liked or disliked an extensive repertoire of named cultural items. These were further differentiated according to whether they were international or Australian in provenance, ensuring that the international items were spread across Europe and America with some items from Asia. The Australian items identified for each field also included examples of Indigenous culture available to 'mainstream Australia'. The questions focused on the six cultural fields were followed by detailed explorations of the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. These included age, gender, occupation, class position and identification, level of education, field of study and university attended for those with tertiary education, occupations of partners, levels of education for partners and parents, ethnicity and ethnic identification, country of birth, Indigenous identification, level of income, capital holdings, housing and place of residence. After the survey was completed, follow-up interviews with 42 participants were undertaken. Selection of those interviewed was based on accessing participants who reflected the issues and circumstances the project was examining, rather than statistically representative cohorts. Consequently, interviewees were selected to capture a range of people across age, gender, class, education and income levels. Fifteen of the participants came from the survey’s boost samples. Because of the difficulty of finding young Indigenous participants, we included an interview with one person in this category who had not completed the survey. While most interviewees were drawn from Sydney and Brisbane and their fringe areas, there was a selection from regional centres.

澳大利亚文化领域（ACF）问卷系基于皮埃尔·布迪厄（Pierre Bourdieu，1984年）所开创的法国研究模型构建而成。尽管后续涌现出众多研究，这些研究或探讨了特定社会群体或教育群体的文化品味与实践，或聚焦于特定的文化领域，但涉及广泛文化领域的全国性调查却寥寥无几。此类调查曾在澳大利亚（Bennett et al., 1999年）、英国（Bennett et al., 2009年）、丹麦（Prieur et al., 2008年）以及塞尔维亚（Cveticanin and Popescu，2011年）进行。在继承这些早期研究的基础上，ACF调查旨在探讨具有土著人口日益显著的文化存在感和一个庞大且不断增长的多文化人口（其构成从主要来自南欧的移民转向东亚和南亚）的殖民定居社会的独特社会文化坐标。问卷设计的关键创新在于，通过对艺术、文学、体育、电视、遗产和音乐领域的消费模式进行深入探究——但排除其他领域，例如电影和烹饪实践——我们得以超越与这些领域紧密关联的主要类型和参与模式的相关问题，进而询问受访者是否认识、参与以及，如果参与，是否喜爱一系列命名的文化项目。这些项目根据其来源是否为国际或澳大利亚进行了进一步的区分，确保国际项目分布于欧洲和美洲，其中包含一些来自亚洲的项目。每个领域的澳大利亚项目还包括了可供‘主流澳大利亚’获取的土著文化示例。针对六个文化领域的问题之后，紧接着是对受访者社会人口特征的详细探究。这些特征包括年龄、性别、职业、阶级地位与认同、教育水平、学习领域及接受高等教育者的就读大学、伴侣的职业、伴侣及父母的教育水平、种族与种族认同、出生国、土著认同、收入水平、资本持有、住房和居住地。调查完成后，对42名参与者进行了后续访谈。访谈者的选取基于反映项目所考察的问题和情境的参与者，而非统计学上的代表性群体。因此，访谈者的选取旨在捕捉跨越年龄、性别、阶级、教育水平和收入水平的各种人群。其中15名参与者来自调查的增强样本。由于难以找到年轻的土著参与者，我们包括了一位未完成调查的此类访谈对象。尽管大多数访谈者来自悉尼和布里斯班及其周边地区，但也选取了来自区域中心的参与者。