Spatial molecular anatomy of germ layers in the gastrulating Cynomolgus monkey embryo-Supplemental Materials

During mammalian embryogenesis, spatial regulation of gene expression and cell signaling are functionally coupled with lineage specification, patterning of tissue progenitors and germ layer morphogenesis. While the mouse model has been instrumental for understanding mammalian development, comparatively little is known about human and non-human primate gastrulation due to the restriction of both technical and ethical issues. Here, we present a spatial and temporal survey of the molecular dynamics of cell types populating the non-human primate embryos during gastrulation. We reconstructed three-dimensional digital models from serial sections of Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) gastrulating embryos at 1-day temporal resolution from E17 to E21. Spatial transcriptomics identifies gene expression profiles unique to the germ layers. Cross-species comparison reveals a developmental coordinate of germ layer segregation between mouse and primates, and species-specific transcription programs during gastrulation. These findings offer insights into evolutionarily conserved and divergent processes during mammalian gastrulation.
This Supplemental Materials containing Table S1-7, Supplementary file 1-10 and Supplementary video 1. They are also available at our website: http://sop.ccla.ac.cn.

在哺乳动物胚胎发生过程中，基因表达的时空调控与谱系分化、组织祖细胞的模式化以及胚层的形态发生在功能上紧密相连。虽然小鼠模型对于理解哺乳动物发育具有重要意义，但由于技术和伦理限制，关于人类及非人灵长类动物原肠形成的研究相对较少。在本研究中，我们展示了非人灵长类动物胚胎在原肠形成过程中的细胞类型分子动力学的时空调查。我们从Cynomolgus猴（Macaca fascicularis）原肠形成胚胎的连续切片中，以1天的时序分辨率重建了从E17至E21的三维数字化模型。空间转录组学识别出胚层特有的基因表达谱。跨物种比较揭示了小鼠与灵长类动物胚层分离的发育坐标以及原肠形成过程中的物种特异性转录程序。这些发现为哺乳动物原肠形成过程中的进化保守与分化机制提供了洞见。本补充材料包含表S1-7、补充文件1-10以及补充视频1。它们亦可在我们的网站上查阅：http://sop.ccla.ac.cn。