Systems-level immune profiling of subjects that underwent gender-affirming testosterone treatment (GAHT)

Immunological differences between males and females stem from genetic, hormonal and behavioural factors but their relative importance is unknown. To isolate the role of testosterone in modulating human immunity, we have performed longitudinal, systems-level analyses in twenty adult individuals that underwent gender-affirming testosterone treatment using flow and mass cytometry, Olink, sc-RNA-seq, and nanostring. Conclusion: Evidence for immune system's adaptation during gender-affirming testosterone treatment is shown.