Facial Interlandmark distances on CT soft tissue models of 388 living persons

Averaged facial ILDs on CT-derived models and on ReFace approximations were reported by Simmons-Ehrhardt et al. [13] for 388 living subjects in the U.S.A. These ILDs (Fig. 1) were defined by 12 standard anthropometric landmarks [22]. The CT database comprised both sexes and four ancestry groups, African female (n=50), African male (n=48), Asian female (n=48), Asian male (n=47), European female (n=49), European male (n=48), Hispanic female (n=49), and Hispanic male (n=49). Each ReFace facial approximation was determined within the appropriate demographically related dataset, but from which data for each target was temporarily removed. The approximations were compared with the known CT-derived 3D models, testing the verisimilitude of ReFace approximations by modeling a facial recognition system.
[13] T.L. Simmons-Ehrhardt, T. Flint, C.P. Saunders, K.L. Monson, Quantitative accuracy and 3D biometric matching of 388 statistically estimated facial approximations of live subjects, Forensic Img 21 (2020) 200377. doi:10.1016/j.fri.2020.200377.
[22] L.G. Farkas, Anthropometry of the Head and Face, 2nd ed., Raven Press, New York, 1994.