The adverse effects of paromomycin on early cardiovascular development in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Paromomycin, a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic, is widely used in both clinical and agricultural fields. However, its environmental impact and potential developmental toxicity have raised growing concerns. This study systematically evaluates the adverse effects of paromomycin on early cardiovascular development in zebrafish embryos from multiple biological perspectives. These findings provide a comprehensive mechanistic framework for understanding the developmental cardiovascular toxicity of paromomycin at environmentally relevant concentrations and offer valuable insights for the safe application and risk management of this widely used antibiotic.