Identifying spawning habitats of Schizothorax lantsangensis in data-scarce basins: A framework integrating habitat similarity and spatial autocorrelation

we proposed an integrated framework combining habitat similarity and spatial autocorrelation (SA) principles to identify potential spawning grounds for S. lantsangensis in the data-limited upper reaches of LCJ River, as well as to analyze spawning grounds distribution characteristics across different spatial scales through composite spawning suitability assessment and landscape theory.