Gap detection ability declines with central auditory neurodegeneration following age-related cochlear synaptopathy

Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is commonly associated with decreased auditory temporal resolution caused by auditory neurodegeneration. Age-related deterioration in gap detection ability, resulting in poor temporal auditory processing, is often attributed to pathophysiological changes in both the peripheral and central auditory systems. This study aimed to investigate whether the gap detection ability declines in the early stages of aging and to determine its usefulness in detecting peripheral and central auditory degeneration. The study used 1-month-old (1M), 6-month-old (6M), and 12-month-old (12M) mice to examine changes in gap detection ability and associated auditory pathophysiology. Although hearing thresholds did not significantly differ between the groups, the amplitude of auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave I decreased significantly in an age-dependent manner, consistent with age-related cochlear synaptopathy. The relative ABR amplitude ratio of waves 2 and 5 to wave 1 was significantly increased in 12M mice, indicating that the central auditory system had increased in relative neuroactivity. A significant increase in gap detection thresholds was observed in 12M mice compared to 1M mice. Although cochlear synaptopathy and central hyperactivity were positively correlated with gap detection thresholds, central hyperactivity strongly influenced gap detection ability. In the cochlear nucleus and auditory cortex, the inhibitory synaptic expression of GAD65 and the expression of parvalbumin were significantly decreased in 12M mice, consistent with central hyperactivity. Evaluating gap detection performance may allow identification of decreased auditory temporal resolution in the early stages of ARHI, which is strongly associated with auditory neurodegeneration.