Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Kazakhstan

Abstract
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The Kazakhstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS4) was conducted in 2010-2011 by the Agency of Statistics, RK primarily with technical and financial support of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and co-financing of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The survey provides valuable information on the situation of children, women and men in Kazakhstan, and was based, in large part, on the needs to monitor progress towards goals and targets emanating from recent international agreements: the Millennium Declaration, adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000, and the Plan of Action of a World Fit For Children, adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002. Both of these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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- individuals,
- households.

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all men aged between 15-59 years and all children under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The primary objective of the sample design for the Kazakhstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MICS4 was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators, at the national level, for urban and rural areas at the national level, and for the following regional domains: Akmola, Aktobe, Atyrau, Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, West Kazakhstan, Karaganda, Kostanai, Kyzylorda, Mangistau, Pavlodar, North Kazakhstan, South Kazakhstan Oblasts and Astana and Almaty cities.

Urban and rural areas in each of the 16 regions including Astana and Almaty cities were defined as the sampling strata. A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.

The target sample size for the Kazakhstan MICS was calculated as 16,380 households. The population of each Oblast was divided into two strata, urban and rural areas, and the sample households were selected in three stages. Within each stratum, enumeration areas (EAs) were selected systematically with probability proportional to size. At the second sampling stage the larger EAs were divided into smaller segments, and one segment was selected in sample EA. After the household listing was carried out within the selected EAs or segments, a sample of 21 households was drawn in each sample EA.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Kazakhstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Report" pp.243-250.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS4 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered to a knowledgeable adult living in the household. The household questionnaire includes Household Listing Form, Education, Water and Sanitation, Household Characteristics, Child Discipline, and Salt Iodization.

In addition to a household questionnaire, the Questionnaire for Individual Women was administered to all women aged 15-49 years living in the households. The women's questionnaire includes Women's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Child Mortality, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Illness Symptoms, Contraception, Unmet Need, Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence, Marriage/Union, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Tobacco and Alcohol Use, and Domestic Violence.

The Questionnaire for Individual Men was administered to each third man among all men aged 15-59 living in the households. The men's questionnaire includes Men's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Contraception, Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence, Marriage/Union, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Circumcision, Tobacco and Alcohol Use.

The Questionnaire for Children Under-Five was administered to mothers or caretakers of children under 5 years of age1 living in the households. The children's questionnaire includes Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding, Care of Illness, Immunization and Anthropometry.

Cleaning operations
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The data were entered on 18 computers and carried out by 14 data entry operators and 4 data entry supervisors (including 2 editors) using the CSPro software. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programmes developed under the global MICS4 programme and adapted to the Kazakhstan questionnaire were used throughout. Data processing began simultaneously with data collection in November 2010. Data entry was completed in the end of January 2011; processing and editing of the primary database was completed in July – August 2011. In August 2011 the results of preliminary MICS4 analysis were presented to concerned authorities (representatives of various ministries and agencies) as well as international organizations. The tables in certain new modules (for instance on Domestic Violence and Abortions) and the Questionnaire for Individual Men were discussed and corrected with the help of UNICEF international consultants up until the end of 2011.

Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software programme, Version 18, and the model syntax and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF and adapted to the Kazakhstan questionnaires by a software expert from the Information and Computer Centre of the Agency of Statistics, Republic of Kazakhstan.

Response rate
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Of the 16,380 households selected for the sample, 16,018 were found to be occupied. Of these, 15,800 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 98.6 percent. In the interviewed households 14,228 women (age 15-49) were identified. Of these, 14,014 women were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98.5 percent. For men (age 15-59), these indicators were 4,043 – listed, 3,846 – successfully interviewed that gives response rate at 95.1 percent. In addition, 5,227 children under-5 were listed in the household questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed for 5,181 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 99.1 percent. Overall response rates of 97.2 percent and 97.8 percent are calculated for 15-49-year-old women’s and under-5’s interviews respectively. This response rate calculated for men aged 15-59 was 93.8 percent.

Sampling error estimates
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Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between the estimates from all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey data.

The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators:
- Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions etc). Standard error is the square root of the variance of the estimate. The Taylor linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors.
- Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value of the indicator, and is a measure of the relative sampling error.
- Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design in relation to the precision. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates the increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design.
- Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall, with a specified level of confidence. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (r + 2.se or r – 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

For the calculation of sampling errors from MICS data, SPSS Version 18 Complex Samples module has been used. The results are shown in the tables that follow. In addition to the sampling error measures described above, the tables also include weighted and unweighted counts of denominators for each indicator.

Sampling errors are calculated for indicators of primary interest, for the national level, for the regions, and for urban and rural areas. One of the selected indicators is based on households, 5 are based on household members, 18 are based on women, 10 are based on men, and 17 are based on children under 5. All indicators presented here are in the form of proportions.

Data appraisal
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A series of data quality tables are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

- Age distribution of the household population
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
- Percentage of selected households for men interviews and percentage of interviewed men by area and region
- Age distribution of children under 5 in household and children under 5 questionnaires
- Women's completion rates by socio-economic characteristics of households
- Men’s completion rates by socio-economic characteristics of households
- Completion rates for under-five questionnaires by socio-economic characteristics of households
- Completeness of reporting
- Completeness of information for anthropometric indicators
- Accumulation in the results of anthropometric measurements
- Observation of children under 5 birth certificates
- Observation of vaccination cards
- Presence of mother in the household and the person interviewed for the under-5 questionnaire
- Selection of children age 2-14 years for the child discipline module
- School attendance by one-year age group
- Sex ratio at birth among children ever born and living

The results of each of these data quality tables are shown in appendix D in document "Kazakhstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Report" pp.295-306.

摘要
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哈萨克斯坦多指标聚类调查（MICS4）于2010-2011年由哈萨克斯坦统计局（RK）实施，主要得到联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）的技术和财务支持，以及联合国人口基金（UNFPA）的联合融资。该调查提供了关于哈萨克斯坦儿童、妇女和男性的状况的宝贵信息，在很大程度上是基于监测近期国际协议中提出的目标和指标的进展的需要：2000年9月所有191个联合国会员国通过的千年宣言，以及2002年5月在联合国特别会议上由189个会员国通过的《适宜儿童的世界行动计划》。这两项承诺都建立在国际社会在1990年世界儿童峰会上的承诺之上。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单元
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- 个人,
- 家庭。
总体
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调查涵盖了所有法定家庭成员（常住居民），所有15-49岁的妇女，所有15-59岁的男子以及所有居住在家庭中的5岁以下儿童。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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哈萨克斯坦多指标聚类调查MICS4的抽样设计的主要目标是产生大多数指标在国家和城市及农村地区的统计上可靠的估计值，以及以下区域领域：阿克莫拉、阿克托别、阿特劳、阿拉木图、东哈萨克斯坦、赞拜、西哈萨克斯坦、卡拉干达、科斯塔奈、克孜勒奥尔达、曼吉斯套、帕夫洛达尔、北哈萨克斯坦、南哈萨克斯坦州和阿斯塔纳、阿拉木图市。
城市和农村地区在每个包括阿斯塔纳和阿拉木图市的16个地区都被定义为抽样层。使用了多阶段、分层聚类抽样方法来选择调查样本。
哈萨克斯坦MICS的目标样本量为16,380户。每个州的居民被分为两个层，城市和农村地区，样本家庭在三个阶段中被选中。在每个层中，按规模成比例的概率系统地选择了普查区（EAs）。在第二阶段抽样中，较大的EAs被划分为较小的部分，并在样本EAs中选择了一个部分。在选定的EAs或部分中进行家庭登记后，在样本EAs中抽取了21户家庭。
抽样程序在“哈萨克斯坦多指标聚类调查2010 - 报告”第243-250页有更详细的描述。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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通用MICS的问卷是基于MICS4模型问卷的结构化问卷，经过一些修改和补充。家庭问卷由居住在家庭中的知识渊博的成年人填写。家庭问卷包括家庭登记表、教育、水和卫生、家庭特征、儿童纪律和食盐碘化。
除了家庭问卷外，还向所有15-49岁的居住在家庭中的妇女发放了个人妇女问卷。妇女问卷包括妇女背景、大众媒体获取和信息/通信技术使用、儿童死亡率、对上次生育的愿望、孕产妇和新生儿健康、疾病症状、避孕、未满足的需求、对家庭暴力的态度、婚姻/伴侣、性行为、HIV/AIDS、烟草和酒精使用以及家庭暴力。
向所有15-59岁的居住在家庭中的男子中的每第三个男子发放了个人男子问卷。男子问卷包括男子背景、大众媒体获取和信息/通信技术使用、避孕、对家庭暴力的态度、婚姻/伴侣、性行为、HIV/AIDS、割礼、烟草和酒精使用。
向居住在家庭中的5岁以下儿童的的母亲或监护人发放了5岁以下儿童问卷。儿童问卷包括年龄、出生登记、早期儿童发展、母乳喂养、疾病护理、免疫和体格测量。
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数据清理操作
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数据由18台计算机输入，由14名数据录入员和4名数据录入监督员（包括2名编辑）使用CSPro软件进行。为了确保质量控制，所有问卷都进行了双重输入，并执行了内部一致性检查。在整个全球MICS4项目下开发的程序和标准程序被用于整个过程中。数据处理与数据收集同时开始于2010年11月。数据录入在2011年1月底完成；主要数据库的处理和编辑在2011年7月至8月完成。2011年8月，初步MICS4分析结果提交给有关当局（各部和机构的代表）以及国际组织。截至2011年底，某些新模块（例如家庭暴力和堕胎）的表格和男子问卷在联合国儿童基金会国际顾问的帮助下进行了讨论和纠正。
数据使用社会科学统计软件包（SPSS）软件程序，版本18进行分析，并使用联合国儿童基金会开发的模型语法和表格计划，由哈萨克斯坦统计局信息与计算机中心的一名软件专家进行了调整。
应答率
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在选定的16,380户样本中，发现16,018户有人居住。其中，15,800户成功接受了访谈，家庭应答率为98.6％。在受访的家庭中，确定了14,228名（15-49岁）妇女。其中，14,014名妇女成功接受了访谈，应答率为98.5％。对于男子（15-59岁），这些指标是4,043人被列入名单，3,846人成功接受了访谈，应答率为95.1％。此外，家庭问卷中列出了5,227名5岁以下的儿童。完成了5,181名儿童的问卷，应答率为99.1％。总体而言，15-49岁妇女和5岁以下儿童的访谈应答率分别为97.2％和97.8％。对于15-59岁的男子，这一应答率为93.8％。
抽样误差估计
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抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本估计值之间差异的一种度量。差异的程度并不完全清楚，但可以从调查数据中统计地估计。
在本附录中，为每个选定的指标提供了以下抽样误差度量：
- 标准误差（se）：抽样误差通常以特定指标（平均值、比例等）的标准误差来衡量。标准误差是估计值方差的平方根。使用泰勒线性化法来估计标准误差。
- 变异系数（se/r）是标准误差与指标值的比率，是相对抽样误差的度量。
- 设计效应（deff）是使用调查中使用的抽样方法下指标的实际情况方差与在简单随机抽样假设下计算的方差之比。设计效应的平方根（deft）用于表示样本设计在精度方面的效率。deft值为1.0表示样本设计与简单随机样本一样有效，而deft值大于1.0表示由于使用了更复杂的样本设计而增加了标准误差。
- 置信区间用于显示真实值在给定置信水平下可以合理假设落在的区间。对于从调查中计算出的任何给定统计量，该统计量的值将落在统计量的标准误差的两倍范围内（r + 2.se或r - 2.se），在所有可能的相同大小和设计样本的95％中。
计算MICS数据的抽样误差时使用了SPSS版本18的复杂数据样本模块。结果如下所示。除了上述抽样误差度量外，表格还包括每个指标的加权计数和无权计数。
抽样误差计算针对的是对主要感兴趣的指标，针对国家层面、地区和城市及农村地区。选定的一个指标基于家庭，5个基于家庭成员，18个基于妇女，10个基于男子，17个基于5岁以下儿童。此处呈现的所有指标均以比例的形式。
数据评估
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一系列数据质量表格可用于审查数据质量，包括以下内容：
- 家庭人口年龄分布
- 合格和接受访谈的妇女年龄分布
- 合格和接受访谈的男子年龄分布
- 选择男子访谈的家庭的比例以及按地区和地区接受访谈的男子的比例
- 家庭中5岁以下儿童和5岁以下儿童问卷的年龄分布
- 妇女完成率按家庭的社会经济特征划分
- 男子完成率按家庭的社会经济特征划分
- 5岁以下儿童问卷的完成率按家庭的社会经济特征划分
- 报告的完整性
- 人体测量指标信息的完整性
- 人体测量测量结果的总和
- 观察5岁以下儿童出生证明
- 观察疫苗接种卡
- 家庭中母亲的存在以及接受5岁以下儿童问卷访谈的人
- 选择2-14岁儿童进行儿童纪律模块
- 一岁年龄组的学校入学率
- 已出生并存活儿童中的出生性别比

这些数据质量表格的结果在“哈萨克斯坦多指标聚类调查2010 - 报告”附录D中展示，第295-306页。