Baseline participants’ characteristics in each study.^*

*Data were shown as mean (SD) for continuous variables, and numbers (percentage) for categorical variables. EPIC-NL denotes Dutch contribution of the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition, PREVEND denotes Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase and AST aspartate aminotransferase. †Hypertension was ascertained on the basis of self-reported diagnosis by a physician, antihypertensive medication use, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 diastolic blood pressure, or a combination of these. ‡Body mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. §To convert values for glucose to milligrams per deciliter, divide by 0.0555. To convert values for uric acid to milligrams per deciliter, divide by 59.48.