The Urinary Proteome Differs with the Presence and Type of Breast Cancer

Despite advancements in screening and treatment, the incidence of breast cancer (BC) and associated mortality are projected to increase. Therefore, developing a companion diagnostic for BC remains important. Herein, we explore the urinary proteome for biomarkers of BC: 130 urine samples from (1) newly diagnosed breast cancer (BC), n = 46, (2) benign breast disease (BBD), n = 36, (3) symptom control (SC), n = 30, and (4) healthy control (HC), n = 18. The BC class included preinvasive: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (n = 3), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (n = 23), and IDC accompanied by DCIS (n = 8) classes. Protein profiling was performed using ThermoScientific ProteomeDiscoverer and analyzed using MetaboAnalyst v6.0, DAVID, and STRING v12.0. Analyses identified 346 significantly (p p < 0.05). Thus, BC has distinct urinary–protein profiles based on clinical diagnosis, which could be used in real-time noninvasive BC monitoring.