<p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration (%) (mean ± standard error) across soil depths (0–10, 10–30, 30–50, and 50–100 cm) under different pasture treatments and pasture ages. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among treatments within each depth (p < 0.05). Statistical differences were assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test for the 0–10 cm layer, and Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons for the deeper layers (10–30, 30–50, and 50–100 cm).</p>

Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration (%) (mean ± standard error) across soil depths (0–10, 10–30, 30–50, and 50–100 cm) under different pasture treatments and pasture ages. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among treatments within each depth (p < 0.05). Statistical differences were assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test for the 0–10 cm layer, and Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Dunn-Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons for the deeper layers (10–30, 30–50, and 50–100 cm).