Colon content and mucus swab were obtained from 10 healthy adults by endoscopic sampling. 16S rDNA V1-V2 amplicon sequencing was performed on each sample's total bacteria, as well as on live bacteria
Water samples were treated with/without PMA dye before DNA extraction to get the total and viable microbial diversities along drinking water treatment process.
The relationship between the detection of mRNA and cellular viability in Escherichia coli was investigated in cells killed by heat or ethanol. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) methods were developed