Acute kidney disease among Zambian adults initiating tenoforvir disoproxil fumarate-based antiretroviral therapy

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based antiretroviral therapy ART is the commonest first-line regimen worldwide; however, it causes nephrotoxicity that primarily occurs in the first three to six months following initiating therapy. The TDF-associated nephrotoxicity can manifest as AKI that may lead to direct complications including permanent loss of kidney function, chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) requiring dialysis and to indirect complications such as cardiovascular diseases.Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based antiretroviral therapy ART is the commonest first-line regimen worldwide; however, it causes nephrotoxicity that primarily occurs in the first three to six months following initiating therapy. The TDF-associated nephrotoxicity can manifest as AKI that may lead to direct complications including permanent loss of kidney function, chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) requiring dialysis and to indirect complications suc...