PERMANOVA results comparing the non-indigenous and native species percent cover and richness sampled from experimental “reef” (sandstone plates).

Non-indigenous invertebrate a) percent cover and b) species richness, native invertebrate c) percent cover and d) species richness, and e) native algal percent cover and species richness. Analyses compared new and established assemblages on sandstone plates that were either oriented vertically or horizontally and subject to different shading treatments. Analyses were not conducted on non-indigenous algae because of low covers. Plates were collected and censused after 32 weeks. Significant results (p<0.05) are indicated in bold.