A single-cell atlas of immune heterogeneity in anti-PD1-treated non-small cell lung cancer

Anti-PD(L)1 with chemotherapy is a standard of care for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but a varying degree of response to the same regimen is observed in patients. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a key role in response to immunotherapy, and the TIME heterogeneity in association with therapeutic outcome is incompletely understood. Here we prospectively applied single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing to characterize post-neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy treatment tumor samples of 234 NSCLC patients. Our study provides a fine-grained dissection of the TIME heterogeneity underlying response to chemo-immunotherapy in NSCLC, thus representing a valuable resource for improved management of NSCLC. Single-cell RNA-seq and single-cell TCR-seq of post-treatment surgical samples(n=234) from 234 non-small-cell lung cancer patients with newly-diagnosed lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) or lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) without EGFR mutation and ALK rearrangement undergoing treatment of neoadjuvant anti-PD1 agents combined with platinum-based chemotherapy doublets or chemotherapy alone before successful surgery. **RAW data not provided** According to the requirements of the Chinese Genetic Information Data Management, we have uploaded the raw sequencing data to the website: https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ (National Genomics Data Center)