Timing of a plant–herbivore interaction alters plant growth and reproduction
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Phenological shifts in timing of species interactions have the potential to change size-structured species interactions, but relatively few studies have used experimental manipulations to examine the season-long effects of phenological mismatches in multiple development contexts. While previous experimental studies have examined how phenological mismatches in plant-herbivore interactions can affect both plants and their herbivores, less is known about their effects on subsequent plant-pollinator interactions. Here, we conducted an experiment to determine how shifts in the phenological timing of monarch (Danaus plexippus) larval herbivory affected milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis) host plant performance, including effects on growth and subsequent effects on flower and seed pod phenology and production. We found that variation in the timing of herbivory affected both plant growth and reproduction, with measurable effects several weeks to months after herbivory ended. The timing of herbivory had qualitatively different effects on vegetative and reproductive biomass: early-season herbivory had the strongest effects on plant size, while late-season herbivory had the strongest effects on the production of viable seeds. These results show that phenological shifts in herbivory can have persistent and qualitatively different effects on different life stages across the season. Methods These data were collected from an experiment conducted in an outdoor plot under largely natural conditions.
物种互作时间的物候位移，有可能改变体型结构化的物种互作关系，但目前采用实验操控手段探究多发育背景下物候错配全生长季效应的研究仍相对较少。既往实验研究虽已探明植物-草食动物互作中的物候错配可同时影响植物及其草食类群，但学界对其后续对植物-传粉者互作的影响仍知之甚少。 本研究通过受控实验，旨在明确君主斑蝶（Danaus plexippus）幼虫取食的物候时间偏移，如何影响寄主植物狭叶马利筋（Asclepias fascicularis）的生长表现，包括对植株生长的效应，以及后续对花与荚果的物候特征和产量的影响。 研究发现，幼虫取食时间的差异会同时影响植株的生长与繁殖，且在取食结束数周至数月后仍可观测到显著效应。取食时间对植株营养生物量与生殖生物量的影响存在质的差异：季早期取食对植株体型的影响最为显著，而季晚期取食则对可育种子产量的影响最强。上述结果表明，草食作用的物候位移可在整个生长季内对物种不同生活史阶段产生持久且性质迥异的影响。 实验方法 本数据集采自一项在室外样地中开展、基本处于自然条件下的实验。
