APPENDIX 3 in A phylogeny and revised classification of clupeomorph fishes (Teleostei, Otomorpha)

APPENDIX 3. — List of the living and fossil taxa included in this study, with information about their temporal range (including First Appearance Datum [FAD] and Last Appearance Datum [LAD] in million years), habitat preferences, fossil locality and their past geographic realm used for calibration and ancestral state reconstruction analyses. Fossil taxonGeological ageFADLADHabitatFossil LocalityGeographic realmReferences† Armigatus alticorpusCenomanian100.593.9marineSannine Lagerstatte, Sannine Fm, LebanonNeotethysForey et al. 2003† Armigatus brevissimusCenomanian100.593.9marineSannine Lagerstatte, Sannine Fm, LebanonNeotethysForey et al. 2003† Armigatus carrenoaemiddle-late Albian103.0100.5marineMiddle Member of Tlayúa Fm, MexicoGulf of MexicoAlvarado-Ortega et al. 2020† Armigatus dalmaticusCampanian83.672.2marineDalmatia, CroatiaNeotethysVernygora & Murray 2021† Armigatus elatusearly Albian113.2109.0marinePietraroja Plattenkalk, ItalyNeotethysMarramà & Carnevale 2023† Armigatus feliximiddle-late Albian103.0100.5marineMiddle Member of Tlayúa Fm, MexicoGulf of MexicoThan-Marchese & Alvarado-Ortega 2022† Armigatus namourensismiddle Cenomanian97.095.5marineSannine Lagerstatte, Sannine Fm, LebanonNeotethysForey et al. 2003† Armigatus oligodentatuslate Cenomanian-early Turonian95.093.0marineAkrabou Fm, MoroccoNeotethysVernygora & Murray 2016† Armigatus pliniiearly Albian113.2109.0marinePietraroja Plattenkalk, ItalyNeotethysMarramà & Carnevale 2023† Bolcaichthys catopygopteruslate Ypresian50.748.96marineBolca Lagerstatte, ItalyNeotethysMarramà & Carnevale 2015b† Chasmoclupea aegypticaRupelian33.927.3freshwaterJebel Qatrani Fm, Fayum, EgyptPalaearcticMurray et al. 2005† Clupeopsis straeleniYpresian56.048.7marineDubois clay pit, BelgiumCircum-Arctic OceanCapobianco et al. 2020† Codoichthys carnavaliilate Aptian115.0113.2euryhalineUpper Unit of Codó Formation, NE BrazilSouth Atlantic OceanFigueiredo & Ribeiro 2016; Lindoso et al. 2016† Cynoclupea nelsoniBarremian125.77 121.4euryhalineMorro do Chaves Fm (Coruripe Group), BrazilSouth Atlantic OceanMalabarba & Di Dario 2017; Luft-Souza et al. 2022† Diplomystus birdiCenomanian100.593.9marineSannine Lagerstatte, Sannine Fm, LebanonNeotethysGrande 1982a† Diplomystus dentatusYpresian56.048.7Lake, Green River Fm, USANearcticGrande 1982a† Diplomystus dubertretiSantonian85.783.6marineSahel Alma Lagerstatte, Chekka Fm, LebanonNeotethysGrande 1982a† Diplomystus shengliensis Lutetian-Bartonian48.0737.71Fm, Shandong, ChinaOrientChang & Maisey 2003; Zheng et al. 2022† Ellimma branneriAptian121.4113.2euryhalineMuribeca Fm (Coruripe Group), BrazilSouth Atlantic OceanChang & Maisey 2003; Lindoso et al. 2016; Luft-Souza et al. 2022† Ellimma longipectoralisAptian121.4113.2euryhalineBarra Velha Fm, Santos Basin, BrazilSouth Atlantic OceanPolck et al. 2020† Ellimmichthys longicostatusBerriasian-Valanginian143.1132.6freshwaterCandeias Fm (Recôncavo Basin) BrazilNeotropicsFigueiredo & Gallo 2021; Nery do Amaral et al. 2024† Ellimmichthys spinosusBerriasian-Valanginian143.1132.6freshwaterCandeias Fm RecôncavoNeotropics Basin) BrazilFigueiredo & Gallo 2021; Nery do Amaral et al. 2024† Eoalosa janvierilate Ypresian49.749.5marineBolca Lagerstatte, ItalyNeotethysMarramà & Carnevale 2018† Eoellimmichthys supersteslate Ypresian49.749.5marineBolca Lagerstatte, ItalyNeotethysMarramà et al. 2019† Eoengraulis fasoloilate Ypresian49.749.5marineBolca Lagerstatte, ItalyNeotethysMarramà & Carnevale 2016† Ezkutuberezi carmenaeupper Valanginian– middle Barremian135.0124.0Member of Villaro Fm, SpainNeotethysPoyato-Ariza et al. 2000† Foreyclupea loonensisAlbian113.2100.5marineLoon River Fm, CanadaCircum-Arctic OceanVernygora et al. 2016† Gasteroclupea branisaiMaastrichtian-Danian72.261.7freshwaterMolino Fm, Chaunaca Fm, Santa Lucía Fm, Navay Fm, Yacoraite Fm, South AmericaNeotropicsMarramà & Carnevale 2017† Gosiutichthys parvusYpresian56.048.7Lake, Green River Fm, USANearcticGrande 1982b† Guiclupea superstesOligocene33.923.04Fm, Yongning Fm, ChinaOrientChen et al. 2021† Italoclupea nolfiCampanian83.672.2marine“Calcari di Melissano”, Nardò, ItalyNeotethysTaverne 2007; Schlüter et al. 2008† Knightia vetustaSalendian61.759.2freshwaterTongue River Fm, USANearcticGrande 1982b† Leufuichthys minimuslate Turonian-early Coniacian93.087.0freshwaterNeuquén Group of Portezuelo Fm, ArgentinaNeotropicsGallo et al. 2011† Monosmilus chureloidesearly Lutetian48.145.0marineNP 15 zone of Domanda Fm, PakistanNeotethysCapobianco et al. 2020† Nardoclupea grandeiCampanian83.672.2marine“Calcari di Melissano”, Nardò, ItalyNeotethysTaverne 2002; Schlüter et al. 2008† Nolfia riachuelensisAlbian113.2100.5marineRiachuelo Fm (Sergipe Group), BrazilSouth Atlantic OceanFigueiredo 2009b; Luft-Souza et al. 2022† Ornategulum sardinioides middle Cenomanian97.095.5marineSannine Lagerstatte, Sannine Fm, LebanonNeotethysForey 1973a† Palaeodenticeps tanganikaeLutetian46.045.7freshwaterMaar lake of Mahenge, Iramba Plateau, Tanganyika Territory, TanzaniaAfrotropicsGreenwood 1960† Paraclupea chetungensis early Aptian121.4113.2euryhalineChawan Fm, ChinaNorth Pacific OceanChang & Grande 1997; Gao et al. 2022† Paraclupea pietrarojaeearly Albian113.2109.0marinePietraroja Plattenkalk, ItalyNeotethysMarramà & Carnevale 2023† Paraclupea seilacherimiddle-late Albian103.0100.5marineMiddle Member of Tlayúa Fm, MexicoGulf of MexicoAlvarado-Ortega & Melgarejo-Damián 2017† Paraclupea solignaciConiacian-Santonian89.883.6marineEl Hamma (Gabès, Tunisia)NeotethysMarramà et al. 2022† Pseudoellimma gallaeBarremian125.77 121.4euryhalineCoqueiro Seco Fm (Coruripe Group), Rift Stage of the Sergipe-Alagoas, BrazilSouth Atlantic OceanFigueiredo 2009a; Luft-Souza et al. 2022† Ranulfoichthys dorsonudumAlbian113.2100.5marineMiddle Member of Tlayúa Fm, MexicoGulf of MexicoAlvarado-Ortega 2014† Rhombichthys intoccabilisearly-middle Cenomanian100.595.5marineBet Meir or Amminadav Fm, PalestineNeotethysKhalloufi et al. 2010† Santanaclupea silvasantoilate Aptian-early Albian115.0109.0euryhalineRomualdo Fm (previously member of Santana Fm) (Araripe Basin), BrazilSouth Atlantic OceanMaisey 1993; Melo et al. 2020† Scombroclupea macrophthalmaCenomanian100.593.9marineSannine Lagerstatte, Sannine Fm, LebanonNeotethysForey et al. 2003† Scutatoclupea applegateiAlbian113.2100.5euryhalineSierra Madre Fm, MexicoGulf of MexicoAlvarado-Ortega & Ovalles-Damián 2008† Scutatoclupea bacchiaimiddle Cenomanian97.095.5marineSannine Lagerstatte, Sannine Fm, LebanonNeotethysBannikov 2015† Scutatuspinosus itapagipensisHauterivian132.6125.77euryhalineMarfim Fm (Recôncavo Basin), BrazilSouth Atlantic OceanFigueiredo & Ribeiro 2017† Sorbinichthys africanuslate Cenomanian-early Turonian95.093.0marineAkrabou Fm, MoroccoNeotethysMurray & Wilson 2011† Sorbinichthys elusivomiddle Cenomanian97.095.5marineSannine Lagerstatte, Sannine Fm, LebanonNeotethysBannikov & Bacchia 2000† Spratticeps gaultinusmiddle Albian113.2100.5marineGault Fm, EnglandCircum-Arctic OceanPatterson 1970; Gallois & Owen 2019† Thorectichthys marocensislate Cenomanian-early Turonian95.093.0marineAkrabou Fm, MoroccoNeotethysMurray & Wilson 2013† Thorectichthys rhadinuslate Cenomanian-early Turonian95.093.0marineAkrabou Fm, MoroccoNeotethysMurray & Wilson 2013† Tischlingerichthys viohliTithonian149.2143.1marineSolnhofen Limestone, GermanyNeotethysArratia 1997† Triplomystus nooraemiddle Cenomanian97.095.5marineSannine Lagerstatte, Sannine Fm, LebanonNeotethysForey et al. 2003† Triplomystus oligoscutatusmiddle Cenomanian97.095.5marineSannine Lagerstatte, Sannine Fm, LebanonNeotethysForey et al. 2003† Trollichthys bolcensislate Ypresian50.748.96marineBolca Lagerstatte, ItalyNeotethysMarramà & Carnevale 2015a† Tunisiaclupea speratusupper Barremian125.77 121.4euryhalineSidi Aich Fm, TunisiaNeotethysBoukhalfa et al. 2018† Tycheroichthys dunveganensismiddle Cenomanian97.095.5euryhalineDunvegan Fm, CanadaCircum-Arctic OceanHay et al. 2007Albula vulpesHolocene0.010marine–West Atlantic, Northwest AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Alepocephalus rostratusHolocene0.010marine–Northeast Atlantic, East AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Alosa sapidissimaHolocene0.010euryhaline–Northeast Atlantic, North Pacific, Ponto-Caspian SystemFroese & Pauly 2025Amblygaster leiogasterHolocene0.010marine–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Anchoa compressaHolocene0.010euryhaline–North PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Anchovia clupeoidesHolocene0.010euryhaline–West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Anchoviella lepidentostole Holocene0.010euryhaline–West Atlantic, East PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Anodontostoma chacundaHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Brevoortia tyrannusHolocene0.010euryhaline–Northwest Atlantic, West Atlantic, South South AmericaFroese & Pauly 2025Cetengraulis edentulusHolocene0.010euryhaline–West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Chanos chanosHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West Pacific, South Africa, East Pacific, North Pacific, South AustraliaFroese & Pauly 2025Chirocentrodon bleekerianusHolocene0.010euryhaline–West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Chirocentrus dorabHolocene0.010marine–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Clupanodon thrissaHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Clupea harengusHolocene0.010marine–Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, North PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Clupeichthys aesarnensisHolocene0.010freshwater–OrientFroese & Pauly 2025Clupeoides papuensisHolocene0.010freshwater–OrientFroese & Pauly 2025Clupeonella cultriventrisHolocene0.010euryhaline–Ponto-Caspian SystemFroese & Pauly 2025Coilia brachygnathusHolocene0.010freshwater–OrientFroese & Pauly 2025Corica sobornaHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Denticeps clupeoidesHolocene0.010freshwater–AfrotropicsFroese & Pauly 2025Dorosoma petenenseHolocene0.010euryhaline–East Pacific, West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Dussumieria acutaHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Encrasicholina purpureaHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Engraulis mordaxHolocene0.010marine–North Pacific, Froese & Pauly 2025 Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, South Africa, South South America, South AustraliaEscualosa thoracataHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Etrumeus sadinaHolocene0.010marine–Indo-West Pacific, West Atlantic, East Pacific, North Pacific, North Pacific, Northwest Atlantic, South Africa, South AustraliaFroese & Pauly 2025Gilchristella aestuariaHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Harengula jaguanaHolocene0.010euryhaline–West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Herklotsichthys dispilonotusHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Hilsa keleeHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Hyperlophus vittatusHolocene0.010euryhaline–South AustraliaFroese & Pauly 2025Ilisha kampeniHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West Pacific, West Atlantic, East PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Jenkinsia lamprotaeniaHolocene0.010marine–West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Kneria auriculataHolocene0.010freshwater–AfrotropicsFroese & Pauly 2025Konosirus punctatusHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Lile stoliferaHolocene0.010marine–East PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Limnothrissa miodonHolocene0.010freshwater–AfrotropicsFroese & Pauly 2025Lycengraulis grossidensHolocene0.010euryhaline–West Atlantic, East PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Lycothrissa crocodilusHolocene0.010freshwater–OrientFroese & Pauly 2025Microthrissa royauxiHolocene0.010freshwater–AfrotropicsFroese & Pauly 2025Nannothrissa stewartiHolocene0.010freshwater–AfrotropicsFroese & Pauly 2025Nematalosa erebiHolocene0.010freshwater–AustraliaFroese & Pauly 2025Neoopisthopterus tropicusHolocene0.010euryhaline–East PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Odaxothrissa loseraHolocene0.010freshwater–AfrotropicsFroese & Pauly 2025Odontognathus mucronatusHolocene0.010euryhaline–West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Opisthonema oglinumHolocene0.010marine–West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Opisthopterus equatorialis Holocene0.010euryhaline–East PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Osmerus mordaxHolocene0.010euryhaline–Northeast Atlantic, Froese & Pauly 2025 Northwest Atlantic, North PacificPellona ditchelaHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West Pacific, West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Pellonula leonensisHolocene0.010euryhaline–East AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Platanichthys platanaHolocene0.010euryhaline–West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Pliosteostoma lutipinnisHolocene0.010marine–East PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Potamalosa richmondiaHolocene0.010euryhaline–South AustraliaFroese & Pauly 2025Potamothrissa obtusirostrisHolocene0.010freshwater–AfrotropicsFroese & Pauly 2025Pristigaster cayanaHolocene0.010freshwater–NeotropicsFroese & Pauly 2025Pterengraulis atherinoides Holocene0.010euryhaline–West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Raconda russelianaHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Rhinosardinia amazonica Holocene0.010euryhaline–West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Sardina pilchardusHolocene0.010euryhaline–Northeast AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Sardinella maderensisHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West Pacific, East Atlantic, West AtlanticFroese & Pauly 2025Sardinops sagaxHolocene0.010marine–North Pacific, Froese & Pauly 2025 Northwest Atlantic, South Africa, South South America, South AustraliaSetipinna tenuifilisHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Spratelloides delicatulusHolocene0.010marine–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Sprattus sprattusHolocene0.010euryhaline–Northeast Atlantic, Ponto-Caspian systemFroese & Pauly 2025Stolephorus indicusHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025Stolothrissa tanganicaeHolocene0.010freshwater–AfrotropicsFroese & Pauly 2025Tenualosa thibaudeauiHolocene0.010freshwater–OrientFroese & Pauly 2025Thryssa hamiltoniiHolocene0.010euryhaline–Indo-West PacificFroese & Pauly 2025