Heart failure ionic remodeling.

Changes in original Grandi et al. (GPB) [34] and O'Hara et al. (ORd) [35] models to simulate heart failure (HF) phenotype. The modified parameters are: the late Na+ current (INaL), the time constant of inactivation of the INaL (τhL), the transient outward K+ current (Ito), the inward rectifier K+ current (IK1), the Na+/K+ pump current (INaK), the background Ca2+ current (ICab), the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (INCX), the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ pump (JSERCA), the SR Ca2+ leak current (Ileak), the Ca2+ sensitivity of SR Ca2+ fluxes (EC50SR), the Ca+2calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and the non-phosphorylated Ca2+ release, via ryanodine receptors (Jrel,NP,∞). Heart failure ionic remodeling.