Taxonomy and phylogeny of <i>Lineus torquatus</i> and allies (Nemertea, Lineidae) with descriptions of a new genus and a new cryptic species
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The heteronemertean genus <i>Lineus</i> Sowerby, 1806 has been badly in need of revision because of its apparent non-monophyly. In this paper, we focus on <i>Lineus torquatus</i> Coe, 1901, one of the heteronemertean species that occur commonly in waters around the North Pacific, as well as a few other allied species distributed in the western North Pacific, including <i>Lineus alborostratus</i> Takakura, 1898 and <i>Cerebratulus montgomeryi</i> Coe, 1901. Based on phylogenetic analyses using <i>16S</i>, <i>COI</i>, <i>28S</i>, <i>18S</i>, and <i>H3</i> gene and <i>ITS</i> sequences, we detected a well-supported clade comprised of heteronemerteans with a frontal white band on the head, to which we add <i>Kulikovia</i> gen. nov. This genus is nested within a more comprehensive, highly supported clade, here named the <i>Siphonenteron</i>-clade, which contains <i>Tenuilineus bicolour</i> (Verrill, 1892), <i>Lineus flavescens</i> Coe, 1905, <i>Siphonenteron bilineatum</i> (Renier, 1804), <i>S.</i> cf. <i>bilineatum</i>, <i>Lineus</i> cf. <i>caputornatus</i>, and <i>Lineus</i> sp. from Guam. Our analyses confirmed the presence of a cryptic species of what was formerly known as the cherry-red and reddish forms of <i>Lineus torquatus</i>, herein described as <i>Kulikovia manchenkoi</i> sp. nov. based on some external characters, internal morphology, and the four genetic markers (<i>COI</i>, <i>16S</i>, <i>H3</i>, and <i>ITS</i>). In contrast to the species pair <i>K. torquata</i>–<i>K. manchenkoi</i>, the reddish form of <i>K. alborostrata</i> does not differ genetically from the typical form of this species. The significance of the external and internal characters for distinguishing cryptic species is discussed. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9BECBC60-9C82-48EC-AD36-FC564D82A5BChttp://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D02B2339-4F65-4517-9B13-DD4AAB0C55C5http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8D239B62-E655-4721-90F0-A4944DD8A3C7
