Mechanisms of individualized fMRI neuromodulation for visual perception and visual imagery

Neuromodulation is a growing precision-medicine approach to modulating neural activity that can be used to treat neuropsychiatric, and general pathophysiologic conditions. We developed individualized fMRI neuromodulation (iNM) to study the mechanisms of visuospatial perception modulation with the long-term goal of applying it in low-vision patient populations having cortical blindness or visuospatial impairment preceding subjective cognitive impairment. To determine these mechanisms, we developed a direction and coherence discrimination task to engage visual perception (VP), visual imagery (VI), selective extero-intero-ceptive attention (SEIA), and motor planning (MP) networks. Participants discriminated up and down direction, at full and subthreshold coherence under iNM or control (no iNM). We determined the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) magnitude as the area under the curve (AUC) for VI, SEIA, and MP encoded networks and used a decoder to predict the stimulus from brain maps., Subjects
Eight healthy, right-handed volunteers (4 males, 4 females, age range = 25-31) were recruited into this 3-day study after obtaining informed consent according to the Baylor College of Medicine Institutional Research Board. Exclusion criteria included prior and current medical or psychiatric diagnoses, intake of any medications, and general contraindications against MRI examinations. Participants had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity with MRI-compatible glasses. At the end of each study day, participants were compensated for their time.
MRI and fMRI Pulse Sequence Parameters
Structural and functional brain imaging was performed at the Core for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging, at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas using a 3.0 T Siemens Prisma (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). We used a 20-channel head/neck receiver-array coil to acquire images. A T1-weighted 3D magnetization-prepared, gradient-echo (MPRAGE) sequence acquired 192 high-resolution axial slices [fi..., , # Mechanisms of individualized fMRI neuromodulation for visual perception and visual imagery

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ngf1vhj1m](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ngf1vhj1m)

**The following figure depicts our Individualized real-time functional MRI closed-loop neuromodulation (iNM) Intervention.**
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