Milkweed herbivore insect population genetics

We collected 3 species of milkweed herbivore specialist insects with varying dispersal abilities across urban and rural locations in Toronto, ON, Canada and 5 smaller cities near Toronto: Brantford, Guelph, London, Kitchener, and St. Catharines. We tested the hypothesis that dispersal ability will overcome the pressures of urbanization in these species and that each city will show parallel signatures of restricted gene flow.