Supporting Information-Corresponding to the Original Data Utilized in this Research Manuscript

This study focuses on the ability of inverters to restart the grid after a blackout, known as black start. This study used two different electrical distribution systems, such as IEEE 123 and K1, to integrate Self-synchronized Universal Droop Controller (SUDC)-based inverters. A 300- and 600-node system was built based on the IEEE 123 and K1 test grid in a real-time simulator. This study included a strategy for planning high penetration of renewable energy using grid-forming inverters for a reliable and resilient supply of electricity for critical loads. The methodology of the study follows the design and the operability of the SUDC in two large-scale models. This study is focused on black-start capability for some critical loads. This work demonstrated the results for black-start capability within 0.4s and 1s with voltage overshoot less than 5% for IEEE 123 and K1, respectively. Other results, such as a voltage variation of ±5% and a frequency variation of ±0.5% were validated. The SUDC has effectively shown that it can be integrated into large-scale grid configurations to supply critical loads power after a blackout.