PD-1 independent of PD-L1 promotes glioblastoma growth through the NF𝜅B pathway. PD-1 independent of PD-L1 promotes glioblastoma growth through the NF𝜅B pathway

we found that a proportion of human and murine brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) expressed programmed cell death protein (PD-1) in situ and in culture. PD-1 signaling through NF𝜅B promotes BTIC proliferation. Overall design: Human BTICs isolated from three GBM patients were transfected to overexpresss (OE) PD-1. Cells transfected with vector control were considered as OE control. Transfected cells (OE and OE controls) were subjected to bulk RNA sequencing.