South Atlantic Forest Birds (Southeast Blueprint Indicator)
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Reason for Selection This indicator represents ecologically important thresholds in forest patch size and other characteristics, such as distance to forest and ecotone edge. Many species are sensitive to these features of the landscape, but forest birds’ habitat relationships are the most extensively studied and have available habitat models. The needs of these forest bird species are increasingly restrictive at higher index values, reflecting better quality forested wetland and upland hardwood habitat. Input Data South Atlantic Blueprint 2021 extent Southeast Blueprint 2023 extent 2019 National Land Cover Database (NLCD): Land cover Base Blueprint 2022 extent The following Southeast GAP species models: Chuck-will’s widow (bCWWI) Red-headed woodpecker (bRHWO) Wood thrush (bWOTH) Whip-poor-will (bWPWI) American woodcock (bAMWO) Hooded warbler (bHOWA) Kentucky warbler (bKEWA) Acadian flycatcher (bACFL) Black-throated green warbler (bBTNW) Northern parula (bNOPA) Prothonotary warbler (bPROW) Swainson’s warbler (bSWWA) Select models from the South Atlantic Migratory Bird Initiative (SAMBI) Designing Sustainable Landscapes (DSL) avian habitat project: Prothonotary warbler (bPROW) Swainson’s warbler (bSWWA) Mapping Steps The index of forest birds is based on scores representing increasingly restrictive limitations of potential habitat for a suite of species. Species-based constraints are: If a pixel is identified in the wood thrush (1 ha minimum patch), whip-poor-will (no more than 250 m into forest interior), red-headed woodpecker (interior patch within 500 m of early successional habitat), Chuck-will’s widow (interior patch within 500 m of early successional habitat), or American woodcock (within 125 m of ecotone edge) Southeast GAP models, give it a value of 1. If not, give it a value of 0. If a pixel is identified in the hooded warbler (15 ha minimum patch) or Kentucky warbler (17 ha minimum patch in wet hardwoods) Southeast GAP models, give it a value of 2. If not, it retains the value from step 1. If a pixel is identified in the Acadian flycatcher (40 ha minimum patch) Southeast GAP model, give it a value of 3. If not, it retains the value from step 2. If a pixel is identified in the Northern parula (70 ha minimum patch) Southeast GAP model, black-throated green warbler (100 ha minimum patch) Southeast GAP model, or the prothonotary warbler (70 ha minimum patch within 120 m of water) Southeast GAP or DSL model, give it a value of 4. If not, it retains the value from step 3. If a pixel is identified in the Swainson’s warbler (350 ha minimum patch within 250 m of water) Southeast GAP or DSL model, give it a value of 5. If not, it retains the value from step 4. If a pixel is identified in the NLCD as low, medium, or high intensity developed, assign it a value of 0. If not, it retains the value from step 5. Clip to the spatial extent of the 2021 South Atlantic Blueprint. The data outside this area was not reviewed by the indicator team who created it, so we decided not to use those data. Clip to the spatial extent of Base Blueprint 2022. As a final step, clip to the spatial extent of Southeast Blueprint 2023. Note: For more details on the mapping steps, code used to create this layer is available in the Southeast Blueprint Data Download under > 6_Code. Final indicator values Indicator values are assigned as follows: 5 = Very large patches near water (potential for presence of Swainson’s warbler) 4 = Large patches often near water (potential for presence of Northern parula, black-throated green warbler, or prothonotary warbler) 3 = Medium patches (potential for presence of Acadian flycatcher) 2 = Small patches often near water (potential for presence of hooded warbler or Kentucky warbler) 1 = Very small patches or near open areas (potential for presence of wood thrush, whip-poor-will, red-headed woodpecker, Chuck-will’s widow, or American woodcock) 0 = Less potential for presence of forest bird index species Known Issues This indicator predicts less habitat for Swainson’s warbler and prothonotary warbler in the Apalachicola basin because one of the two models used for these species (DSL) does not cover this area. It overpredicts habitat in areas that have been converted to other land uses since the release of 2001 GAP landcover data. Thresholds used in this indicator focus primarily on species presence and larger patches are likely needed for source populations of any of these species. Disclaimer: Comparing with Older Indicator Versions There are numerous problems with using Southeast Blueprint indicators for change analysis. Please consult Blueprint staff if you would like to do this (email hilary_morris@fws.gov). Literature Cited Southeast Gap Analysis Project. SE-GAP Vertebrate Predicted Habitat. [https://www.basic.ncsu.edu/segap/DataServer.html]. Williams SG, Rubino MJ. 2012. Designing Sustainable Landscapes Project. Biodiversity and Spatial Information Center, North Carolina State University. [https://www.basic.ncsu.edu/dsl/hab.html]. Accessed April 2014. Williams SG, Rubino MJ, Silvano AL, Elliott MJ, Cook K, Smith S. 2010. Southeast Gap Analysis Project. Biodiversity and Spatial Information Center, North Carolina State University; Alabama Gap Project, Alabama Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, Auburn University; Natural Resources and Spatial Analysis Laboratory, University of Georgia. Accessed April 2014. [https://www.basic.ncsu.edu/segap/]. Homer, Collin G., Dewitz, Jon A., Jin, Suming, Xian, George, Costello, C., Danielson, Patrick, Gass, L., Funk, M., Wickham, J., Stehman, S., Auch, Roger F., Riitters, K. H., Conterminous United States land cover change patterns 2001–2016 from the 2016 National Land Cover Database: ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, v. 162, p. 184–199. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.02.019].
选择依据 本指标表征森林斑块面积及其他景观特征（如与森林的距离、生态交错带边缘）的生态学重要阈值。诸多物种对这类景观特征较为敏感，其中森林鸟类与栖息地的关联研究最为深入，且已有成熟的栖息地模型可供使用。指标值越高，对这些森林鸟类的栖息地需求限制越严格，对应质量更佳的森林湿地与高地硬木林生境。 输入数据 - 2021年南大西洋蓝图（South Atlantic Blueprint 2021）空间范围 - 2023年东南蓝图（Southeast Blueprint 2023）空间范围 - 2019年全国土地覆盖数据库（National Land Cover Database, NLCD）：土地覆盖数据 - 2022年基础蓝图（Base Blueprint 2022）空间范围 - 以下东南GAP（Southeast GAP）物种模型： 美洲夜鹰（Chuck-will’s widow, bCWWI）、红头啄木鸟（Red-headed woodpecker, bRHWO）、木鸫（Wood thrush, bWOTH）、普通夜鹰（Whip-poor-will, bWPWI）、美洲丘鹬（American woodcock, bAMWO）、罩林莺（Hooded warbler, bHOWA）、肯塔基莺（Kentucky warbler, bKEWA）、阿氏霸鹟（Acadian flycatcher, bACFL）、黑喉绿林莺（Black-throated green warbler, bBTNW）、北森莺（Northern parula, bNOPA）、黄喉林莺（Prothonotary warbler, bPROW）、斯温森莺（Swainson’s warbler, bSWWA） - 另有选自南大西洋候鸟倡议（South Atlantic Migratory Bird Initiative, SAMBI）「可持续景观设计（Designing Sustainable Landscapes, DSL）」鸟类栖息地项目的模型：黄喉林莺（bPROW）、斯温森莺（bSWWA） 制图流程 本森林鸟类指数基于一系列得分，表征特定类群物种潜在栖息地的限制性逐步增强。基于物种的约束条件如下： 1. 若某像素点符合木鸫（最小斑块面积1公顷）、普通夜鹰（深入森林内部不超过250米）、红头啄木鸟（森林内部斑块距早期演替生境不超过500米）、美洲夜鹰（森林内部斑块距早期演替生境不超过500米）或美洲丘鹬（与生态交错带边缘距离不超过125米）的东南GAP模型判定标准，则赋值为1；否则赋值为0。 2. 若某像素点符合罩林莺（最小斑块面积15公顷）或肯塔基莺（湿地硬木林最小斑块面积17公顷）的东南GAP模型判定标准，则赋值为2；否则保留第一步所得分值。 3. 若某像素点符合阿氏霸鹟（最小斑块面积40公顷）的东南GAP模型判定标准，则赋值为3；否则保留第二步所得分值。 4. 若某像素点符合北森莺（最小斑块面积70公顷）、黑喉绿林莺（最小斑块面积100公顷）或黄喉林莺（最小斑块面积70公顷且距水体不超过120米）的东南GAP或DSL模型判定标准，则赋值为4；否则保留第三步所得分值。 5. 若某像素点符合斯温森莺（最小斑块面积350公顷且距水体不超过250米）的东南GAP或DSL模型判定标准，则赋值为5；否则保留第四步所得分值。 6. 若某像素点在NLCD中被划为低、中或高强度开发用地，则将其赋值为0；否则保留第五步所得分值。 7. 将结果裁剪至2021年南大西洋蓝图的空间范围——该范围外的数据未经过本指标编制团队的审核，故不予使用。 8. 随后将结果裁剪至2022年基础蓝图的空间范围。 9. 最后一步，将结果裁剪至2023年东南蓝图的空间范围。 注：如需了解制图步骤的更多细节，可在「东南蓝图数据下载」的「6_Code」目录下获取用于生成该图层的代码。 最终指标赋值规则 指标值的含义如下： 5 = 临近水体的超大斑块（具备斯温森莺栖息的潜力） 4 = 通常临近水体的大型斑块（具备北森莺、黑喉绿林莺或黄喉林莺栖息的潜力） 3 = 中型斑块（具备阿氏霸鹟栖息的潜力） 2 = 通常临近水体的小型斑块（具备罩林莺或肯塔基莺栖息的潜力） 1 = 极小斑块或临近开阔区域（具备木鸫、普通夜鹰、红头啄木鸟、美洲夜鹰或美洲丘鹬栖息的潜力） 0 = 本指标所列森林鸟类物种的栖息潜力较低 已知问题 本指标在阿巴拉契科拉流域对斯温森莺和黄喉林莺的栖息地预测偏少，原因是这两个物种所用的两款模型中有一款（DSL模型）未覆盖该区域。此外，在2001年GAP土地覆盖数据发布后已被转为其他土地利用类型的区域，本指标存在栖息地过度预测的情况。本指标所用的阈值主要聚焦于物种存在性，而这些物种的源种群通常需要更大的斑块面积。 免责声明：旧版指标对比分析说明 使用东南蓝图指标进行变化分析存在诸多问题。若需开展此类分析，请咨询蓝图团队（邮箱：hilary_morris@fws.gov）。 参考文献 1. 东南GAP分析项目（Southeast Gap Analysis Project）. 东南GAP脊椎动物预测栖息地. [https://www.basic.ncsu.edu/segap/DataServer.html]. 2. Williams SG, Rubino MJ. 2012. 可持续景观设计项目. 北卡罗来纳州立大学生物多样性与空间信息中心. [https://www.basic.ncsu.edu/dsl/hab.html]. 2014年4月访问. 3. Williams SG, Rubino MJ, Silvano AL, Elliott MJ, Cook K, Smith S. 2010. 东南GAP分析项目. 北卡罗来纳州立大学生物多样性与空间信息中心；阿拉巴马州合作鱼类与野生动物研究单位奥本大学分部；佐治亚大学自然资源与空间分析实验室. 2014年4月访问. [https://www.basic.ncsu.edu/segap/]. 4. Homer CG, Dewitz JA, Jin S, Xian G, Costello C, Danielson P, Gass L, Funk M, Wickham J, Stehman S, Auch RF, Riitters KH. 2020. 基于2016年全国土地覆盖数据库的2001–2016年美国本土土地覆盖变化模式. 《ISPRS摄影测量与遥感学报》, 第162卷, 第184–199页. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.02.019].
