The rate problem: search for application specific optimization of energy storage density and exchange rate.
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The use of phase change materials (PCMs) in energetic systems today is in large parts restricted by dynamic issues, or what could be termed the “rate problem”; i.e., how long will it take (heat transfer rate) to store, or recover, a given amount of thermal energy in a latent heat energy storage system (LHESS) for a specific application? This problem comes in part because PCMs have relatively low thermal conductivities in both solid and liquid phases. This paper will focus on the work done currently in the PCM heat transfer community, including the author’s laboratory, related to a better understanding of heat transfer within PCM-based thermal storage systems (TES) and the search for application specific designs of PCM-TES (often still by expensive trial and error). This review and discussion of work done will be accompanied by a look ahead asking the question: can heat exchanger design rules be established?
