Mars 2020 EDL Reconstruction As-Flown Report
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On February 18, 2021, amidst a global pandemic sweeping the nation and the world, the Perseverance rover safely completed its autonomous landing in Jezero Crater. The largest, heaviest, and most complex planetary rover ever built depended on its seven-minute entry, descent, and landing (EDL) sequence to touch down safely at the most dangerous landing site ever attempted on Mars. Building upon the success of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission, the Mars 2020 EDL system preserved as much of the MSL EDL architecture as possible while simultaneously fixing issues identified both pre- and post-MSL’s landing, adding mission enabling new EDL capabilities, and accommodating new mission-enhancing payloads. Reconstruction results to date have shown that the Mars 2020 EDL system performed largely as expected. Issues identified with MSL’s landing were successfully addressed during the Mars 2020 landing. The mission’s two new landing capabilities, range trigger and terrain relative navigation, proved critical in identifying and reaching a safe landing target within the hazardous Jezero Crater landing site, a site deemed too hazardous for previous landing systems. Finally, new EDL instrumentation and a new EDL camera suite gave the team greater insight into the landing performance and brought the world along for the ride. This As-Flown Reconstruction Report details the design, development challenges, pre-flight expectations, and flight performance of almost all aspects of the Mars 2020 EDL system. While this report captures the best understanding of the system as of the time of publication, no one knows better than this team that additional time and scrutiny will yield further insights; the team’s scrutiny of the MSL EDL system throughout the development of Mars 2020 led to several fixes and improvements to the EDL design. As a result, this report is a snapshot in time of the team’s best understanding of the performance of the system; expect that understanding to grow and evolve with future efforts. The Mars 2020 EDL team faced numerous challenges, some expected, some not, over the project’s lifecycle. Their engineering prowess, creativity, dedication, and can-do attitude allowed the tight-knit team to face each of these challenges and overcome them. This report documents their story. With Mars 2020’s successful landing, the edge of the Mars landing envelope has been pushed out once again, enabling the first controlled aircraft flights on another planet by the Ingenuity helicopter, the search for evidence of past life by the Perseverance rover, and the beginning of the long-envision Mars sample return campaign.
2021年2月18日，在席卷全球与各国的新冠疫情大流行背景下，毅力号火星车（Perseverance rover）成功完成自主着陆，安全触达杰泽罗撞击坑（Jezero Crater）。这是迄今建造的尺寸最大、重量最高、结构最复杂的行星火星车，其长达7分钟的进入、下降与着陆（Entry, Descent and Landing, EDL）流程，使其得以在人类此前尝试过的风险最高的火星着陆点安全着陆。本次火星2020任务的EDL系统继承了火星科学实验室（Mars Science Laboratory, MSL）任务的成功经验，尽可能保留了MSL的EDL架构，同时修复了MSL着陆前后所暴露的各类问题，新增了任务所需的全新EDL能力，并适配了任务优化载荷。截至目前的重构结果显示，火星2020的EDL系统运行表现基本符合预期。MSL着陆过程中发现的问题，已在火星2020着陆任务中得到成功解决。本次任务新增的两项着陆能力——距离触发（range trigger）与地形相对导航（terrain relative navigation），在杰泽罗撞击坑这片被过往着陆系统认定为风险过高的危险着陆区域内，成功识别并抵达安全着陆点，发挥了关键作用。此外，全新的EDL探测仪器与相机套件，让团队得以更深入地洞察着陆过程的性能表现，也让全球观众同步见证了着陆全程。本《飞行后重构报告》详细阐述了火星2020 EDL系统几乎所有环节的设计、研发挑战、飞行前预期与飞行表现。本报告所载为报告发布时团队对系统的最优认知，但团队深知，后续投入更多时间与审查工作将带来更多深入见解；正如团队在火星2020研发全过程中对MSL EDL系统的审查，催生了多项EDL设计的改进与优化方案。因此，本报告仅为该团队当前对系统性能认知的阶段性快照，随着后续研究的推进，相关认知也将不断完善与演进。火星2020 EDL团队在项目全周期中遭遇了诸多挑战，其中既有预期内的困难，也有突发状况。凭借卓越的工程能力、创造力、奉献精神与务实攻坚的态度，这个紧密协作的团队逐一攻克了所有难题。本报告完整记录了他们的奋斗历程。随着火星2020任务的成功着陆，人类的火星着陆能力边界再次得到拓展，为机智号直升机（Ingenuity helicopter）实现人类首次地外行星受控飞行、毅力号火星车搜寻远古生命痕迹，以及开启酝酿已久的火星样品返回计划铺平了道路。
